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Questions and Answers
What is the capacity to do work called?
What is the capacity to do work called?
Energy
Which type of energy is possessed by a body due to its position?
Which type of energy is possessed by a body due to its position?
- Potential energy (correct)
- Mechanical energy
- Chemical energy
- Kinetic energy
What is the ultimate source of energy for life?
What is the ultimate source of energy for life?
- Water
- Geothermal
- Sun (correct)
- Wind
Energy can be created or destroyed.
Energy can be created or destroyed.
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What is the term for the energy released by a chemical reaction?
What is the term for the energy released by a chemical reaction?
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Match the forms of energy to their definitions:
Match the forms of energy to their definitions:
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What are enzymes?
What are enzymes?
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The total amount of energy is called ______.
The total amount of energy is called ______.
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What is the study of energy conversions called?
What is the study of energy conversions called?
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Which of the following increases disorder or randomness in a system?
Which of the following increases disorder or randomness in a system?
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Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms.
Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms.
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Study Notes
Energy
- What is Energy? The capability to do work, cause a change in the state or motion of matter, ability to promote change.
- Forms of Energy: Potential, Kinetic
Potential Energy
- Definition: Energy possessed by an object due to its position.
- Physical Examples: Roller coaster at the top, stretched rubber band, extended or compressed spring, water behind a dam, concentration gradient.
- Biological Molecules: Chemical potential energy stored in their chemical bonds.
Kinetic Energy
- Definition: Energy possessed by a moving object.
- Examples: Swinging baseball, moving molecules.
Heat Energy
- Definition: Energy flowing from high temperature to low temperature.
Mechanical Energy
- Definition: Energy in the movement of matter.
Units of Energy
- Kilojoule (kJ)
- Kilocalorie (kcal)
Thermodynamics
- The study of energy conversions
- First Law of Thermodynamics:
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
- Energy can be transferred or transformed.
- The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant.
- Also known as the law of energy conservation.
- Second Law of Thermodynamics:
- Objects tend towards disorder or randomness.
- Energy transfer or transformation increases disorder (entropy).
Entropy
- Measure of randomness
Enthalpy, Free Energy, and Entropy
- Enthalpy (H): Total amount of energy
- Free Energy (G): Usable energy for work
- Entropy (S): Unusable energy
- Energy Equations: H = G + TS OR G = H - TS
Types of Energy Useful to Biology
- Light energy
- Heat energy
- Mechanical energy
- Chemical energy
- Electrical energy
Enzymes
- Definition: Proteins that catalyze metabolic reactions, making them run faster.
- Significance: Without enzymes, spontaneous reactions would be very slow.
Ribozymes
- Definition: Catalytic RNAs
Metabolism
- The sum total of all reactions in a cell
Chemical Reactions
- Processes where substances are changed into other substances
- Examples:
- Building molecules
- Breaking down molecules
- Rearrangement of atoms within a molecule
Activation Energy
- The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur
- Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy
Enzyme Characteristics
- Specificity: Enzymes catalyze only specific reactions
- Efficiency: Enzymes can greatly increase reaction rates
- Regulation: Enzyme activity can be controlled
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
- Temperature: Too high or too low temperatures can denature (destroy) enzymes
- pH: Enzymes have optimal pH ranges
- Substrate Concentration: Increasing substrate concentration increases reaction rate up to a point.
- Enzyme Concentration: Increasing enzyme concentration increases reaction rate.
- Inhibitors: Molecules that can decrease or stop enzyme activity.
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