Gr 11 Physical Sciences: November Easy P(2)
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Questions and Answers

What is the product of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide?

  • NaCl (correct)
  • H2O (correct)
  • H2SO4
  • HBr

    • What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide?

  • 2HCl + KOH → H2O + KCl
  • HCl + NH3 → NH4Cl
  • H2SO4 + OH- → HSO4- + H2O
  • nH+ + M(OH)n → nH2O + Mn+ (correct)

    • What is the definition of oxidation?

  • Transfer of electrons
  • Formation of a compound
  • Loss of electrons (correct)
  • Gain of electrons

    • What is the oxidation number of oxygen in most compounds?

    <p>-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a redox reaction?

    <p>Change in oxidation state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reaction between hydrogen bromide and potassium hydroxide?

    <p>H2O + KBr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxidation number of hydrogen in most compounds?

    <p>+1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal carbonate?

    <p>2H+ + MCO3 → H2O + CO2 + M2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of reduction?

    <p>Gain of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a neutralisation reaction?

    <p>Formation of a salt and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the formation of HF from H2 and F2?

    <p>New bonds between H and F atoms form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an exothermic reaction?

    <p>The reaction releases energy, and ΔH is negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest energy point in a reaction?

    <p>Activated Complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an acid according to Bronsted-Lowry?

    <p>A proton donor (substance that gives away protons H+).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an amphoteric substance?

    <p>A substance that can act as both an acid and a base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an endothermic reaction?

    <p>The reaction absorbs energy, and ΔH is positive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a base according to Arrhenius?

    <p>A substance that increases the concentration of OH− ions in solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a polyprotic acid?

    <p>An acid that can donate more than one proton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy required to break a bond called?

    <p>Bond dissociation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy diagram for an exothermic reaction?

    <p>The energy decreases from reactants to products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water?

    <p>Bonds in the reactants break, and new bonds form in the products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the activated complex in a reaction?

    <p>It is a transient state where old bonds are breaking and new bonds are forming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the change in enthalpy (ΔH) during a reaction an indication of?

    <p>Whether the reaction absorbs or releases energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction releases energy because the energy required to break bonds in the reactants is less than the energy released when new bonds form in the products?

    <p>Exothermic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of the total energy of a chemical system at a given pressure?

    <p>Enthalpy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy of the products compared to the energy of the reactants in an exothermic reaction?

    <p>Lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction absorbs energy because the energy required to break bonds in the reactants is more than the energy released when new bonds form in the products?

    <p>Endothermic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the representation of an exothermic reaction?

    <p>Reactants → Products + Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in energy between the reactants and the products in a chemical reaction known as?

    <p>Heat of reaction or enthalpy change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is represented by the equation ΔH < 0?

    <p>Exothermic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for ΔH?

    <p>kJ/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the graphical representation of energy changes in endothermic reactions?

    <p>The graph starts at a lower energy level and rises up as the reaction progresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction?

    <p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept that represents the energy change during a chemical reaction?

    <p>Heat of reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is represented by the equation ΔH > 0?

    <p>Endothermic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for ΔH?

    <p>E_products - E_reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the energy of the reactants during an exothermic reaction?

    <p>Energy is released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of activation energy in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To break the bonds in the reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intermolecular force occurs between an ion and a polar molecule?

    <p>Ion-dipole force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the difference in boiling points between substances?

    <p>Intermolecular forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a dipole-induced dipole force?

    <p>Chloroform (CHCl3) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the temporary dipoles that form in non-polar molecules due to uneven electron distribution?

    <p>Induced dipole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of intermolecular forces?

    <p>They are responsible for the phase of matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the high boiling point of water?

    <p>Hydrogen bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a hydrogen bond?

    <p>The attraction between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom in different molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between intermolecular and interatomic forces?

    <p>Interatomic forces occur within molecules, while intermolecular forces occur between molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing molecular size on intermolecular forces?

    <p>It increases the strength of intermolecular forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a property that is affected by intermolecular forces?

    <p>Viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule that applies to the sum of oxidation numbers in a compound or ion?

    <p>The sum of oxidation numbers must match the overall charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in balancing a redox reaction?

    <p>Write the half-reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding H+ ions in an acidic medium?

    <p>To balance hydrogen atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why atoms form bonds?

    <p>To achieve a more stable electron configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom?

    <p>Valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Lewis diagrams?

    <p>To represent the valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of spectroscopic notation?

    <p>To show the arrangement of electrons in different energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a redox reaction?

    <p>A reaction where oxidation numbers change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding electrons to one side of each half-reaction?

    <p>To balance the charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of covalent bond is formed when one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms?

    <p>Single bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that determines the shape of a molecule?

    <p>The number of electron pairs around the central atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of combustion in terms of redox reactions?

    <p>Fuel is oxidized and oxygen is reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the geometry of a molecule with 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs?

    <p>Bent or Angular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced?

    <p>Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of drawing a Lewis diagram when determining molecular shape?

    <p>To show all valence electrons around the central atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the theory that predicts the shape of molecules based on electron pair repulsion?

    <p>VSEPR theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of a molecule with 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair?

    <p>Trigonal Pyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the VSEPR theory state?

    <p>Electron pairs repel each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in predicting the molecular shape of a molecule?

    <p>Draw the Lewis diagram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of molecular shape in determining the properties of a molecule?

    <p>It influences the properties of a molecule, such as boiling point and melting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the bond length between two atoms?

    <p>Balance between attractive and repulsive forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the interaction of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms?

    <p>A change in energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent atoms when they form a bond?

    <p>Bond length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of energy required to break a bond between two atoms?

    <p>Bond energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for how strongly one atom is held to another in a chemical bond?

    <p>Bond strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of multiple bonds (double or triple bonds) between atoms?

    <p>Stronger bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the forces that act between molecules?

    <p>Intermolecular forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a polar molecule?

    <p>Difference in electronegativity between atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the attractive force between the nucleus of one atom and the electrons of another atom?

    <p>Decreasing energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the point on a graph of energy changes as atoms approach each other, where the bond forms?

    <p>Energy minimum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of a water molecule?

    <p>Bent or angular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intermolecular force holds water molecules together?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of water's high specific heat?

    <p>It helps regulate environmental temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the geometry of the NH₃ molecule?

    <p>Trigonal Pyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does water have a high specific heat?

    <p>Because the hydrogen bonds must be disrupted before the molecules can move more rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of electronegativity in chemistry?

    <p>To predict the type of bond between atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the concept of electronegativity in 1932?

    <p>Linus Pauling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of water in moderating the Earth's climate?

    <p>It absorbs and stores heat, releasing it slowly at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of electronegativity values for elements except noble gases?

    <p>0 to 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is water able to absorb infra-red radiation from the sun?

    <p>Because of the vibrational and rotational movements of water molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of water's high specific heat on biological systems?

    <p>It helps maintain stable temperatures within organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when the electronegativity difference is between 0.1 and 1?

    <p>Weak polar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of non-polar covalent bonds?

    <p>Equal sharing of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of water's ability to absorb and store heat?

    <p>It prevents extreme temperature changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the polarity of a molecule?

    <p>Electronegativity difference and molecular shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do polar molecules tend to have higher melting and boiling points?

    <p>Due to stronger intermolecular forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules dissolve well in polar solvents like water?

    <p>Polar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor in determining the type of bond between two atoms?

    <p>Electronegativity difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reaction between an acid and a base that results in the formation of a salt and water?

    <p>Neutralisation reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a species that donates a proton?

    <p>Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxidation state of an atom in its elemental state?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxidation state of fluorine in its compounds?

    <p>-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion?

    <p>Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion?

    <p>Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide?

    <p>2yH+ + M(OH)y → yH2O + M+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule that applies to the sum of oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion?

    <p>The sum of oxidation numbers must be equal to the charge of the ion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxidation state of hydrogen in most compounds?

    <p>+1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal carbonate?

    <p>2H+ + MCO3 → H2O + CO2 + M+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for energy changes in chemical reactions?

    <p>The difference in bond energy between reactants and products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sign of ΔH in an exothermic reaction?

    <p>Negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy needed to break a chemical bond between two atoms?

    <p>Bond energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reactions absorbs energy because the energy required to break bonds in the reactants is more than the energy released when new bonds form in the products?

    <p>Endothermic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the energy changes in an exothermic reaction?

    <p>The energy of the products is lower than the energy of the reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of the total energy of a chemical system at a given pressure?

    <p>Enthalpy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy change during a reaction an indication of?

    <p>Whether the reaction absorbs or releases energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of reaction is the energy released when new bonds form in the products more than the energy required to break bonds in the reactants?

    <p>Exothermic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of a water molecule?

    <p>Bent or angular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of balancing redox reactions?

    <p>To ensure that the number of electrons lost in oxidation equals the number of electrons gained in reduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of specific heat in water?

    <p>To moderate environmental temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of writing half-reactions in balancing redox reactions?

    <p>To separate the oxidation and reduction reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does water have a high specific heat?

    <p>Because of the strong hydrogen bonds between molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of water's ability to absorb infra-red radiation?

    <p>It moderates the Earth's climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of H+ ions in balancing redox reactions in acidic medium?

    <p>To balance hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of redox reactions in combustion?

    <p>Fuel is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of hydrogen bonds in water?

    <p>They hold water molecules together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Lewis diagrams?

    <p>To represent the valence electrons around an atom's chemical symbol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of water's high specific heat in biological systems?

    <p>It plays a critical role in regulating biological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is water an effective climate buffer?

    <p>Because it can absorb and store heat energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason atoms form chemical bonds?

    <p>To achieve a more stable electron configuration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of water's ability to absorb infra-red radiation?

    <p>It moderates environmental temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the interaction of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms?

    <p>The formation of a chemical bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the energy diagram for an exothermic reaction?

    <p>It shows the energy released during the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxidation numbers in balancing redox reactions?

    <p>To determine the change in oxidation number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of redox reactions in biological systems?

    <p>Respiration involves the oxidation of glucose and reduction of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intermolecular force occurs between a polar molecule and a non-polar molecule?

    <p>Dipole-induced dipole force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the difference in boiling points between substances?

    <p>Intermolecular forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a hydrogen bond?

    <p>The force between two water molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing molecular size on intermolecular forces?

    <p>Intermolecular forces increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties is affected by intermolecular forces?

    <p>Phase of matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a polar molecule induces a temporary dipole in a non-polar molecule?

    <p>Dipole-induced dipole force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intermolecular force is responsible for the high boiling point of water?

    <p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between intermolecular and interatomic forces?

    <p>Interatomic forces are stronger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the temporary dipoles that form in non-polar molecules due to uneven electron distribution?

    <p>Instantaneous dipole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a ion-dipole force?

    <p>The force between a sodium ion and a water molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol denoted for the change in enthalpy?

    <p>ΔH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an exothermic reaction?

    <p>Energy is released by the reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of activation energy in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To initiate the reaction by breaking the bonds in the reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the graphical representation of an exothermic reaction?

    <p>The graph starts at a higher energy level and drops down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in energy between the reactants and the products in a chemical reaction known as?

    <p>Enthalpy change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for ΔH?

    <p>Kilojoules per mole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is represented by the equation ΔH > 0?

    <p>Endothermic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for ΔH?

    <p>Ereactants - Eproducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the energy of the reactants during an endothermic reaction?

    <p>It is absorbed from the surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the representation of an endothermic reaction?

    <p>Reactants + Energy → Products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of spectroscopic notation in chemistry?

    <p>To indicate the electron configuration of an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of covalent bond is formed when both electrons in the bond come from the same atom?

    <p>Dative covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of bond energy?

    <p>The amount of energy required to break a bond between two atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that determines the shape of a molecule according to VSEPR theory?

    <p>The repulsion among electron pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that affects bond strength?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between an exothermic and an endothermic reaction?

    <p>An exothermic reaction releases energy, while an endothermic reaction absorbs energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of a molecule with 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs around the central atom?

    <p>Bent or angular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the interaction between the attractive and repulsive forces when atoms approach each other?

    <p>A change in energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the activated complex in a chemical reaction?

    <p>It is the highest energy point in the reaction where old bonds are breaking and new bonds are forming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of drawing a Lewis diagram in determining the shape of a molecule?

    <p>To determine the number of bonding pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent atoms when they form a bond?

    <p>Bond length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a polar molecule?

    <p>Having a difference in electronegativity between its atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the theory that predicts the shape of a molecule based on the repulsion among electron pairs?

    <p>VSEPR theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an acid according to the Arrhenius definition?

    <p>An acid is a substance that increases the concentration of H3O+ ions in solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of a molecule with 4 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs around the central atom?

    <p>Tetrahedral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the forces that act between molecules?

    <p>Intermolecular forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a polyprotic acid?

    <p>A polyprotic acid is an acid that can donate more than one proton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the change in enthalpy (ΔH) during a reaction an indication of?

    <p>The energy released or absorbed during a reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of shorter bond lengths on bond strength?

    <p>Stronger bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the shape of a molecule important in understanding its properties and functions?

    <p>Because it influences properties such as boiling point and melting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the repulsive force between nuclei when atoms are pushed closer together?

    <p>An increase in energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of sharing pairs of electrons between atoms to form a covalent bond?

    <p>Electron pair sharing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an amphoteric substance and an amphiprotic substance?

    <p>An amphoteric substance can act as an acid or a base, while an amphiprotic substance can donate or accept protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy required to break a bond called?

    <p>Activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of a molecule with 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair around the central atom?

    <p>Trigonal pyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy minimum point where the bond forms?

    <p>Minimum energy point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the graphical representation of energy changes as atoms approach each other?

    <p>A graph showing an energy minimum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the graphical representation of energy changes in exothermic reactions?

    <p>A decrease in energy from reactants to products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction?

    <p>Activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept that represents the energy change during a chemical reaction?

    <p>Enthalpy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the NH₃ molecule?

    <p>Trigonal Pyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of electronegativity in understanding chemical bonds?

    <p>To predict the type of bonds formed between atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a non-polar covalent bond and a polar covalent bond?

    <p>The equal or unequal sharing of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the electronegativity difference between two atoms used to determine the type of bond?

    <p>By subtracting the smaller value from the larger value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical characteristic of a polar molecule?

    <p>Uneven distribution of charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the solubility of a molecule?

    <p>Polarity of the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of electronegativity on the melting and boiling points of a molecule?

    <p>It increases the melting and boiling points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept introduced by Linus Pauling in 1932?

    <p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a polar and non-polar covalent bond in terms of electron sharing?

    <p>Polar bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electronegativity in determining the type of bond between two atoms?

    <p>It determines the ability of an atom to attract electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the energy required to break bonds in reactants?

    <p>To overcome the bond energy or bond dissociation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction would occur if the energy required to break bonds in reactants is equal to the energy released when new bonds form in products?

    <p>Neutral reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an increase in bond energy on the reaction rate?

    <p>It decreases the reaction rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the energy of the reactants and the energy of the products in an endothermic reaction?

    <p>The energy of the reactants is lower than the energy of the products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy change during a reaction that indicates whether the reaction absorbs or releases energy?

    <p>Change in enthalpy (ΔH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions?

    <p>Exothermic reactions release energy, while endothermic reactions absorb energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for bond energy?

    <p>kJ·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept that represents the total energy of a chemical system at a given pressure?

    <p>Enthalpy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the activated complex in an exothermic reaction?

    <p>It represents the highest energy point in the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reactions is an example of an endothermic reaction?

    <p>Reaction between oxygen and nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an acid and a base according to Bronsted-Lowry definition?

    <p>An acid is a proton donor, and a base is a proton acceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in energy between the reactants and the products in a chemical reaction known as?

    <p>Enthalpy change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a polyprotic acid?

    <p>It can donate more than one proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction is characterized by the release of energy?

    <p>Exothermic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy diagram for an endothermic reaction?

    <p>It shows an initial increase in energy, followed by a further increase in energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of activation energy in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To initiate the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the energy change (ΔH) in a reaction?

    <p>It indicates whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an amphoteric substance?

    <p>It can act as both an acid and a base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the graphical representation of energy changes in exothermic reactions?

    <p>A graph that starts at a higher energy level and drops down as the reaction progresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of activation energy in a reaction?

    <p>It is the minimum energy required to initiate the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the change in enthalpy (ΔH) in a reaction?

    <p>ΔH = E_products - E_reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an exothermic and an endothermic reaction?

    <p>An exothermic reaction releases energy, while an endothermic reaction absorbs energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the change in enthalpy (ΔH)?

    <p>Kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is represented by the equation ΔH > 0?

    <p>Endothermic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the energy diagram for an exothermic reaction?

    <p>It shows the energy decrease from reactants to products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the activated complex in a reaction?

    <p>To facilitate the reaction by providing the necessary energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during an exothermic reaction?

    <p>Energy is released to the surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy diagram for an endothermic reaction?

    <p>A graph that starts at a lower energy level and rises up as the reaction progresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic of the conjugate acid-base pairs in the reaction between H2SO4 and OH^-?

    <p>They transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assigning oxidation numbers to atoms in a molecule or ion?

    <p>To track electron transfer in redox reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxidation number of fluorine in its compounds?

    <p>Always -1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal oxide?

    <p>2yH^+ (aq) + M_xO_y (aq) → yH_2O (l) + xM^n+ (aq)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of oxidation in a redox reaction?

    <p>The substance loses electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a neutralisation reaction?

    <p>A reaction between an acid and a base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule for determining the oxidation number of an atom in a compound?

    <p>The sum of oxidation numbers must be equal to the overall charge of the compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during a redox reaction?

    <p>There is a transfer of electrons between two substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxidation number of hydrogen in metal hydrides?

    <p>-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a conjugate acid-base pair?

    <p>They transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of assigning oxidation numbers in a redox reaction?

    <p>To identify the elements that undergo a change in oxidation number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following steps is NOT involved in balancing redox reactions?

    <p>Determine the oxidation numbers of the reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between acidic and basic mediums in balancing redox reactions?

    <p>The type of ions used to balance hydrogen atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electrons in covalent bonds?

    <p>They are shared between atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Lewis diagrams in understanding chemical bonds?

    <p>To represent the electron configuration of atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a redox reaction in terms of energy?

    <p>Energy is transferred from one species to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of activation energy in redox reactions?

    <p>It is the minimum energy required to start the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of electrons lost in oxidation and gained in reduction?

    <p>The number of electrons lost equals the number of electrons gained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why electronegativity influences the polarity of molecules?

    <p>Because electronegativity affects the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of spectroscopic notation in understanding chemical bonds?

    <p>To represent the electron configuration of atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bonds has an electronegativity difference greater than 2.1?

    <p>Ionic Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing molecular size on intermolecular forces?

    <p>Intermolecular forces increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why symmetrical molecules are usually non-polar?

    <p>Because they have an equal distribution of charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules is likely to have a higher melting point?

    <p>A polar molecule with strong intermolecular forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of electronegativity in determining the type of bond between atoms?

    <p>It determines the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about electronegativity values?

    <p>They range from 0 to 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between polar and non-polar molecules?

    <p>The distribution of charges within the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bonds has an electronegativity difference between 0.1 and 1?

    <p>Weak Polar Covalent Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why polar molecules tend to dissolve well in polar solvents?

    <p>Because they have an uneven distribution of charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between electronegativity and molecular polarity?

    <p>Electronegativity affects the distribution of charges within the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the difference in boiling points between substances?

    <p>Intermolecular forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of intermolecular forces?

    <p>They are generally weaker than interatomic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing molecular size on intermolecular forces?

    <p>They increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a dipole-induced dipole force?

    <p>The attraction between a polar molecule and a non-polar molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the high boiling point of water?

    <p>Hydrogen bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the temporary dipoles that form in non-polar molecules due to uneven electron distribution?

    <p>Induced dipole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a hydrogen bond?

    <p>The attraction between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between intermolecular and interatomic forces?

    <p>Intermolecular forces occur between molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a property that is affected by intermolecular forces?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of stronger intermolecular forces in a substance?

    <p>A higher boiling point and a higher melting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of valence electron pairs in determining molecular shape?

    <p>To arrange themselves to minimize repulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of covalent bond involves the sharing of three pairs of electrons?

    <p>Triple bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the theory that predicts the shape of molecules based on electron pair repulsion?

    <p>VSEPR theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself?

    <p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecular shapes is characterized by a central atom with three bonding pairs and one lone pair?

    <p>Trigonal pyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of drawing a Lewis diagram in determining molecular shape?

    <p>To show the arrangement of electron pairs around a central atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bond formed when both electrons come from the same atom?

    <p>Dative covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of molecular shape?

    <p>Influences boiling point and melting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the arrangement of electron pairs around a central atom?

    <p>Geometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of counting electron pairs in determining molecular shape?

    <p>To determine the basic geometry of the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why water has a high specific heat?

    <p>The strength of hydrogen bonds between water molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of water's ability to absorb infra-red radiation?

    <p>It helps to moderate the Earth's climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of water's high specific heat on biological systems?

    <p>It maintains stable temperatures within organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of water in regulating environmental temperatures?

    <p>It acts as a heat reservoir, storing heat during the day and releasing it at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of water's ability to absorb and store heat energy?

    <p>It prevents extreme temperature changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of water that allows it to moderate the Earth's climate?

    <p>Its high specific heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between bond length and bond strength?

    <p>Shorter bond lengths typically correspond to weaker bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the strength of a bond between two atoms?

    <p>The distance between the nuclei of the atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy change when atoms move closer to each other than the bond length?

    <p>The energy of the system increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the graphical representation of the energy change during bond formation?

    <p>A curve with a minimum energy point at the bond length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of intermolecular force that occurs between an ion and a non-polar molecule?

    <p>Ion-induced dipole force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between intermolecular and interatomic forces?

    <p>Intermolecular forces act between molecules, while interatomic forces act within molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing molecular size on intermolecular forces?

    <p>Intermolecular forces increase with increasing molecular size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the difference in boiling points between substances?

    <p>Differences in intermolecular forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the temporary dipoles that form in non-polar molecules due to uneven electron distribution?

    <p>Instantaneous dipole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a dipole-induced dipole force?

    <p>The attraction between a polar molecule and a non-polar molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the significant difference between the melting and boiling points of water?

    <p>The strong hydrogen bonds require more energy to break, leading to higher phase transition temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules on the boiling point of water?

    <p>A higher boiling point due to the energy required to break these bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the high heat of vaporisation of water in regulating body temperature?

    <p>It provides a cooling effect through perspiration, as the heat absorbed from the body is used to vaporise water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique property of water that allows it to expand when solidifying?

    <p>The hydrogen bonds between water molecules, which result in a less dense solid structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the less dense solid phase of water in the environment?

    <p>It is crucial for the survival of aquatic life, as it allows ice to float on top of lakes and rivers, insulating the water beneath.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for water's ability to exist as a liquid over a wide range of temperatures?

    <p>The strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules, which require a significant amount of energy to break.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the phase transition of water?

    <p>They are broken during the transition from liquid to gas, requiring a significant amount of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the high heat of vaporisation of water on the environment?

    <p>It allows for the maintenance of liquid water on Earth, supporting various biological and ecological processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why real gases deviate from ideal gas behavior at high pressures and low temperatures?

    <p>The particles have a significant volume compared to the container</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pressure and volume of an ideal gas at a constant temperature?

    <p>The pressure is inversely proportional to the volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the universal gas constant (R)?

    <p>J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the volume of a gas when its temperature is increased at a constant pressure?

    <p>The volume increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why ideal gases do not exist in reality?

    <p>The intermolecular forces are significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the temperature and volume of an ideal gas at a constant pressure?

    <p>The temperature is directly proportional to the volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the pressure of an ideal gas?

    <p>Pascals (Pa)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of decreasing the temperature of a gas on its kinetic energy?

    <p>The kinetic energy decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ideal gas laws?

    <p>To describe the behavior of ideal gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the volume and temperature of an ideal gas at a constant pressure, expressed mathematically?

    <p>V ∝ T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of concentration of a solution?

    <p>mol·dm⁻³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a titration, what is the relationship between the reactants?

    <p>C_A V_A = C_B V_B / a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of identifying the limiting reagent in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To determine the maximum amount of product that can be formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the percent yield of a reaction?

    <p>(Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) × 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of determining the molecular and empirical formulae of a compound?

    <p>To determine the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of percent purity in chemical substances?

    <p>It indicates the amount of a specific pure compound in an impure sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the stoichiometric coefficients in a balanced chemical equation?

    <p>They represent the mole ratio of the reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the formula C_A V_A = C_B V_B / a in a titration?

    <p>To determine the concentration of the unknown solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the ratio of the reactants in a balanced chemical equation?

    <p>It determines the limiting reagent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the mole ratios of the reactants in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To determine the limiting reagent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the molar volume of a gas at STP?

    <p>dm³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the number of moles of a reactant?

    <p>n = m / M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of determining the stoichiometric coefficients in a balanced chemical equation?

    <p>To find the mole ratio between the reactant and the gaseous product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal gas law used to relate?

    <p>The pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of a gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the volume of a gas produced at STP?

    <p>V = n * 22.4 dm³/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the number of moles of a reactant?

    <p>To use the stoichiometric coefficients to find the mole ratio between the reactant and the gaseous product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the percent purity of a compound?

    <p>Percent Purity = (Mass of Pure Compound / Mass of Sample) * 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the reactants in a titration reaction?

    <p>C_A V_A = C_B V_B / a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas when the volume is kept constant?

    <p>The pressure is directly proportional to the temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of the universal gas constant (R) in the ideal gas equation?

    <p>8.314 J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of one mole of gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP)?

    <p>22.4 dm³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the volume of gas based on the stoichiometric coefficients in a balanced chemical equation?

    <p>V_A = (a/b) V_B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the initial and final states of a gas in the general gas equation?

    <p>p_1V_1 / T_1 = p_2V_2 / T_2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition for applying the ideal gas equation?

    <p>All variables must be in SI units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the constant (k) in the pressure-temperature relationship?

    <p>It represents the proportionality constant between pressure and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the volume of gas in the ideal gas equation?

    <p>cubic meters (m³)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the general gas equation?

    <p>To allow for the variation of pressure, volume, and temperature simultaneously for a given amount of gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of moles of gas (n) and the volume of gas (V) at STP?

    <p>V = 22.4 n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why entire bodies of water do not freeze solid in cold climates?

    <p>The floating ice insulates the liquid water below, preventing it from freezing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which water dissolves ionic compounds?

    <p>The partially positive hydrogen atoms in water molecules are attracted to negatively charged ions, while the partially negative oxygen atoms are attracted to positively charged ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why non-polar substances do not dissolve well in water?

    <p>The lack of attraction between water molecules and non-polar molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of water in biological functions?

    <p>To provide a medium for the transport of nutrients and waste products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary assumption of the kinetic theory of gases?

    <p>Gases are composed of particles with negligible size and mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the temperature of a gas?

    <p>The kinetic energy of the gas particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of the weak attractive forces between gas particles?

    <p>The gas particles are weakly attracted to each other, resulting in a low boiling point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why water is essential for many natural and human-made processes?

    <p>Its ability to dissolve a wide range of substances makes it an integral component of many biological and industrial processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which water supports aquatic ecosystems?

    <p>It provides a medium for the transport of nutrients and oxygen to aquatic organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of the difference in density between solid and liquid water?

    <p>The solid water has a lower density than the liquid water, causing it to float on top of the liquid water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boiling point of water at standard pressure?

    <p>100°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy required to change a given quantity of a substance into a gas?

    <p>Heat of vaporisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ice less dense than liquid water?

    <p>Due to the formation of hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules?

    <p>Higher melting and boiling points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the high heat of vaporisation of water important for regulating body temperature?

    <p>It absorb a large amount of heat from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the large temperature range of water?

    <p>It allows water to exist as a liquid over a wide range of temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the strong hydrogen bonds on the phase transition temperatures of water?

    <p>They increase the phase transition temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the ability of ice to float important for the environment?

    <p>It is essential for the Earth's ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas when the volume is kept constant?

    <p>The pressure is directly proportional to the temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that combines Boyle's Law and the pressure-temperature relationship?

    <p>pV/T = k</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the universal gas constant in the ideal gas equation?

    <p>8.314 J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of one mole of gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP)?

    <p>22.4 dm³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the volume of gas A in a reaction involving gases?

    <p>V_A = a/b V_B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature?

    <p>The pressure is inversely proportional to the volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that expresses the ideal gas equation in terms of the number of moles of gas?

    <p>pV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the universal gas constant R?

    <p>J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ideal gas equation?

    <p>To calculate the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the ideal gas equation in scientific and engineering applications?

    <p>It allows predictions of the behavior of gases under different conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating percent purity?

    <p>(Mass of Pure Compound / Mass of Sample) × 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal gas law equation?

    <p>PV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molar volume of a gas at STP?

    <p>22.4 dm³/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in solving problems involving gaseous reactions?

    <p>Determine the molar mass of the reactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the stoichiometric coefficients in a balanced chemical equation?

    <p>To indicate the ratio of moles of reactants and products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation to calculate the number of moles of a reactant?

    <p>n = m / M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ideal gas law in gaseous reactions?

    <p>To relate the pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of a gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of the method for solving problems involving gaseous reactions?

    <p>To determine the volume of gaseous products or reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if ice sank in water bodies?

    <p>Ponds, lakes, and oceans would freeze solid as soon as temperatures dropped below freezing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for water's lower density in its solid form?

    <p>The hydrogen bonding creates an open hexagonal structure in ice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of ionic compounds dissolving in water?

    <p>Hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that summarizes the solvent properties of water?

    <p>Like dissolves like</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the kinetic theory of matter based on?

    <p>The idea that particles have energy that allows them to move at various speeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of elastic collisions between gas particles and the container walls?

    <p>No change in kinetic energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of the average kinetic energy of gas particles?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of water in biological functions?

    <p>To facilitate transport and biochemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of water's solvent properties in environmental processes?

    <p>It enables the distribution of nutrients in soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of water's ability to dissolve a wide range of substances?

    <p>It is essential for many natural and human-made processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of concentration in a solution?

    <p>mol·L⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a titration?

    <p>To determine the concentration of an unknown solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limiting reagent in a chemical reaction?

    <p>The reactant that is completely used up first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating percent yield?

    <p>Percent Yield = (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) × 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of determining the empirical formula?

    <p>To determine the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of a specific pure compound in an impure sample?

    <p>Percent purity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the concentration of a solution?

    <p>C = n / V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stoichiometric calculations?

    <p>To determine the amount of reactants required for a reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the reactants in a titration?

    <p>C_A V_A = C_B V_B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ratio of the moles of reactants used in a reaction to the moles of reactants required by the balanced equation?

    <p>Mole ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of the average kinetic energy of gas particles?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ideal gas?

    <p>A gas with identical particles with zero volume and no intermolecular forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas at a constant temperature?

    <p>Pressure is inversely proportional to volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the volume of a gas when its temperature increases, provided the pressure remains constant?

    <p>The volume increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for pressure?

    <p>Pascals (Pa)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for deviation from ideal gas behavior at high pressures and low temperatures?

    <p>Due to the volume of molecules and intermolecular forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the universal gas constant?

    <p>J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that represents the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas?

    <p>pV = k</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume decreases, provided the temperature remains unchanged?

    <p>The pressure increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between volume and temperature of an ideal gas at a constant pressure?

    <p>Volume is directly proportional to temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

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