Energy and Work in Motion

Energy and Work in Motion

Kinetic Energy

• Kinetic energy is the energy of motion
• It is the energy an object possesses due to its motion
• Formula: KE = 1/2 mv^2, where m is the mass and v is the velocity of the object

Potential Energy

• Potential energy is the energy an object possesses due to its position or configuration
• There are several types of potential energy, including:
  • Gravitational potential energy (U = mgh, where m is the mass, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height)
  • Elastic potential energy (U = 1/2 kx^2, where k is the spring constant and x is the displacement)

Work

• Work is the transfer of energy from one object to another
• It is calculated as the product of the force applied and the displacement of the object: W = F × d
• Units of work: Joules (J)

Work-Energy Theorem

• The work-energy theorem states that the net work done on an object is equal to its change in kinetic energy
• Formula: W = ΔKE

Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces

• Conservative forces are forces that do not change the total mechanical energy of an object (e.g., gravity, elastic forces)
• Non-conservative forces are forces that do change the total mechanical energy of an object (e.g., friction, air resistance)

Efficiency and Mechanical Advantage

• Efficiency is the ratio of the output energy to the input energy
• Mechanical advantage is the ratio of the output force to the input force in a machine or system

Energy and Work in Motion

Kinetic Energy

• Energy of motion, dependent on an object's mass and velocity
• Formula: KE = 1/2 mv^2, where m is the mass and v is the velocity of the object

Potential Energy

• Energy of position or configuration, with various types including:
  • Gravitational potential energy, dependent on mass, acceleration due to gravity, and height (U = mgh)
  • Elastic potential energy, dependent on spring constant and displacement (U = 1/2 kx^2)

Work

• Transfer of energy from one object to another, calculated as the product of force and displacement (W = F × d)
• Measured in Joules (J)

Work-Energy Theorem

• The net work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy (W = ΔKE)

Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces

• Conservative forces: do not change total mechanical energy (e.g., gravity, elastic forces)
• Non-conservative forces: change total mechanical energy (e.g., friction, air resistance)

Efficiency and Mechanical Advantage

• Efficiency: ratio of output energy to input energy
• Mechanical advantage: ratio of output force to input force in a machine or system