Energy and Environment: Coal Consumption Patterns
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the world's low-carbon power comes from nuclear sources?

  • 25%
  • 40%
  • 35%
  • 29% (correct)

    • What is the primary purpose of control rods in a nuclear reactor?

  • To increase the reaction rate
  • To sustain the chain reaction
  • To generate steam directly
  • To slow down the reaction rate (correct)

    • What happens to the water in the primary loop of a Pressurized Water Reactor?

  • It is heated to 315°C but not turned into steam (correct)
  • It is cooled to 50°C
  • It is turned into steam
  • It is heated to 100°C

    • What is the purpose of a heat exchanger in a Pressurized Water Reactor?

    <p>To transfer heat to the secondary loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of a Pressurized Water Reactor over a Boiling Water Reactor?

    <p>The steam used to power the turbine never comes into contact with radioactive materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that occurs in the core of a nuclear reactor?

    <p>Splitting of heavy nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of coal consumption is attributed to the power sector in India?

    <p>60 %</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of coal is not mentioned in the typical content of various types of coal?

    <p>Peat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of liquefaction in coal conversion processes?

    <p>Liquid Fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the term 'petroleum'?

    <p>Latin words for 'rock' and 'oil'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism used by passive solar systems to collect, store, and distribute solar energy?

    <p>Natural heat transfer mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is petroleum formed?

    <p>By the bacterial anaerobic reactions on buried vegetation and animal masses under favorable temperatures and pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current per capita commercial primary energy consumption in India?

    <p>350 kg/year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using south-facing windows in direct gain systems?

    <p>Reducing reliance on mechanical heating systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of solar greenhouses in areas with harsh weather conditions?

    <p>Providing a source of passive heating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between passive and active solar systems?

    <p>Use of mechanical and electrical components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of passive solar systems?

    <p>Simple and cost-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thermal mass in direct gain systems?

    <p>To store and release heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using solar PV systems for portable or mobile loads?

    <p>Portability and reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of solar PV systems?

    <p>Irregular and intermittent supply of solar energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the area required for a solar panel?

    <p>E / (I.ɳ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the efficiency of the propane-based engine mentioned in the problem?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cost of solar PV required, given the cost per unit is Rs. 5,000 / 100 W?

    <p>Rs. 5,000 / 100 W</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total working hours of the appliances mentioned in the problem?

    <p>The total working hours are not mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total daily energy requirement in kWh?

    <p>9.36 kWh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the power rating of the solar panel required in kW?

    <p>2.34 kW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cost of the required solar panels?

    <p>Rs. 1,20,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the area required by the solar panel in m2?

    <p>11.7 m2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the capacity of the battery required in kAh?

    <p>1.2 kAh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mass of CO2 emitted from the process in kg/day?

    <p>9 kg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nuclear Energy

    • Nuclear is the world's second largest source of low-carbon power (29% of the total in 2017).
    • Energy of a nuclear reactor is derived from splitting a heavy nucleus, such as 235U or 239Pu.
    • Basic components of a nuclear reactor core include fuel rods, a moderator, control rods, and a coolant.

    Types of Nuclear Reactors

    • Boiling Water Reactor (BWR): heat generated in the core is used to generate steam, which runs a turbine.
    • Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR): water in the core is heated to 315°C, but not turned into steam due to high pressure; heat is transferred to a secondary loop to power a turbine.

    Coal

    • Coal consumption pattern: power sector (60%), steel (14%), cement (5%), miscellaneous (21%).
    • Types of coals: Anthracite, Bituminous, Sub-bituminous, and Lignite.
    • Typical content of various types of coal:
      • Anthracite: 95% carbon, 3% volatile matter
      • Bituminous: 45-86% carbon, 20-40% volatile matter
      • Sub-bituminous: 35-45% carbon, 30-40% volatile matter
      • Lignite: 25-35% carbon, 30-40% volatile matter

    Coal Conversion Processes

    • Liquefaction: conversion of coal to liquid fuels (gasoline, methanol)
    • Gasification: conversion of coal to gaseous fuels (syngas)

    Petroleum

    • Formation: decomposition and bacterial anaerobic reactions on buried vegetation and animal masses under favorable temperatures and pressures
    • Primary difference from coal: collection, storage, and distribution of solar energy

    Solar Energy

    • Passive Solar Energy Absorption Systems:
      • Direct Gain Systems: using south-facing windows to warm buildings during winter
      • Solar Greenhouses: protecting crops and providing passive heating
    • Active Solar Energy Absorption Systems:
      • Use mechanical and electrical components to collect, store, and distribute solar energy
      • Cost-effective, reliable, and requires modest maintenance

    Solar PV Systems

    • Limitations:
      • Irregular, intermittent supply of solar energy
      • Need for storage batteries
      • High capital cost due to large number of PV cells and low output power

    Solar Panel Calculations

    • Area required per solar panel: E / (I.ɳ)
    • Example problem: calculating solar panel requirements for a house with various appliances, using 25% efficient solar panel and 4 kWh/m²/day solar radiation

    Problem Solution

    • Total daily requirement: 9.36 kWh
    • Power rating of solar panel required: 2.34 kW (2400 W approx.)
    • Cost of solar panel: Rs. 1,20,000
    • Area required by panel: 11.7 m²
    • 3-day energy requirement: 28 kWh
    • Capacity of battery: 1.2 kAh
    • CO2 reduction/day: 9 kg/day

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    Description

    This quiz covers the consumption patterns of coal in various industries such as power, steel, and cement. It also explores different types of coals and energy consumption in India.

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