Questions and Answers
What percentage of the world's low-carbon power comes from nuclear sources?
29%
What is the primary purpose of control rods in a nuclear reactor?
To slow down the reaction rate
What happens to the water in the primary loop of a Pressurized Water Reactor?
It is heated to 315°C but not turned into steam
What is the purpose of a heat exchanger in a Pressurized Water Reactor?
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What is the advantage of a Pressurized Water Reactor over a Boiling Water Reactor?
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What is the process that occurs in the core of a nuclear reactor?
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What percentage of coal consumption is attributed to the power sector in India?
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Which type of coal is not mentioned in the typical content of various types of coal?
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What is the primary use of liquefaction in coal conversion processes?
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What is the origin of the term 'petroleum'?
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What is the primary mechanism used by passive solar systems to collect, store, and distribute solar energy?
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How is petroleum formed?
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What is the current per capita commercial primary energy consumption in India?
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What is the primary benefit of using south-facing windows in direct gain systems?
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What is the primary purpose of solar greenhouses in areas with harsh weather conditions?
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What is the primary difference between passive and active solar systems?
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What is a characteristic of passive solar systems?
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What is the primary function of thermal mass in direct gain systems?
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What is an advantage of using solar PV systems for portable or mobile loads?
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What is a limitation of solar PV systems?
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What is the formula to calculate the area required for a solar panel?
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What is the efficiency of the propane-based engine mentioned in the problem?
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What is the cost of solar PV required, given the cost per unit is Rs. 5,000 / 100 W?
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What is the total working hours of the appliances mentioned in the problem?
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What is the total daily energy requirement in kWh?
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What is the power rating of the solar panel required in kW?
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What is the cost of the required solar panels?
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What is the area required by the solar panel in m2?
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What is the capacity of the battery required in kAh?
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What is the mass of CO2 emitted from the process in kg/day?
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Study Notes
Nuclear Energy
- Nuclear is the world's second largest source of low-carbon power (29% of the total in 2017).
- Energy of a nuclear reactor is derived from splitting a heavy nucleus, such as 235U or 239Pu.
- Basic components of a nuclear reactor core include fuel rods, a moderator, control rods, and a coolant.
Types of Nuclear Reactors
- Boiling Water Reactor (BWR): heat generated in the core is used to generate steam, which runs a turbine.
- Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR): water in the core is heated to 315°C, but not turned into steam due to high pressure; heat is transferred to a secondary loop to power a turbine.
Coal
- Coal consumption pattern: power sector (60%), steel (14%), cement (5%), miscellaneous (21%).
- Types of coals: Anthracite, Bituminous, Sub-bituminous, and Lignite.
- Typical content of various types of coal:
- Anthracite: 95% carbon, 3% volatile matter
- Bituminous: 45-86% carbon, 20-40% volatile matter
- Sub-bituminous: 35-45% carbon, 30-40% volatile matter
- Lignite: 25-35% carbon, 30-40% volatile matter
Coal Conversion Processes
- Liquefaction: conversion of coal to liquid fuels (gasoline, methanol)
- Gasification: conversion of coal to gaseous fuels (syngas)
Petroleum
- Formation: decomposition and bacterial anaerobic reactions on buried vegetation and animal masses under favorable temperatures and pressures
- Primary difference from coal: collection, storage, and distribution of solar energy
Solar Energy
- Passive Solar Energy Absorption Systems:
- Direct Gain Systems: using south-facing windows to warm buildings during winter
- Solar Greenhouses: protecting crops and providing passive heating
- Active Solar Energy Absorption Systems:
- Use mechanical and electrical components to collect, store, and distribute solar energy
- Cost-effective, reliable, and requires modest maintenance
Solar PV Systems
- Limitations:
- Irregular, intermittent supply of solar energy
- Need for storage batteries
- High capital cost due to large number of PV cells and low output power
Solar Panel Calculations
- Area required per solar panel: E / (I.ɳ)
- Example problem: calculating solar panel requirements for a house with various appliances, using 25% efficient solar panel and 4 kWh/m²/day solar radiation
Problem Solution
- Total daily requirement: 9.36 kWh
- Power rating of solar panel required: 2.34 kW (2400 W approx.)
- Cost of solar panel: Rs. 1,20,000
- Area required by panel: 11.7 m²
- 3-day energy requirement: 28 kWh
- Capacity of battery: 1.2 kAh
- CO2 reduction/day: 9 kg/day
