Energy and Electromagnetic Radiation
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Questions and Answers

Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength?

  • Microwaves
  • Gamma Rays (correct)
  • Ultraviolet (UV)
  • Radio Waves

Energy can be created or destroyed.

False (B)

What is the main effect of solar wind on Earth?

It can cause auroras and disrupt communications.

The __________ Law states that all objects above absolute zero emit radiation.

<p>Stefan-Boltzmann</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of electromagnetic radiation with their characteristics:

<p>Gamma Rays = Shortest wavelength X-Rays = Used in medical imaging Infrared (IR) = Heat radiation Radio Waves = Longest wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about wavelengths and frequencies is true?

<p>Longer wavelengths have lower frequencies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The net radiation at Earth's surface only considers incoming radiation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR).

<p>Rate at which a saturated parcel of air cools, typically ranging from 2 degrees Celsius to 9 degrees Celsius per kilometer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DAR) in degrees Celsius per kilometer?

<p>10 degrees Celsius per KM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A warm front advances and replaces a cold air mass.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define relative humidity.

<p>The ratio of the actual amount of water vapor in the air to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold at a given temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The four main types of clouds include cirrus, cumulus, _____, and their combinations.

<p>stratus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the air mass types with their characteristics:

<p>Polar (P) = Cold air masses Tropical (T) = Warm air masses Maritime (m) = Moist air masses Continental (c) = Dry air masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which front is characterized by steep slopes and rapid movement, often producing thunderstorms?

<p>Cold Front (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humidity refers to the horizontal movement of air.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of climate?

<p>The long-term average weather conditions of a particular region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary greenhouse gas resulting from human activities?

<p>Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect is a natural occurrence and does not involve human activity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one impact of climate change on marine ecosystems.

<p>Ocean Acidification</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of capturing CO2 emissions and storing them underground is known as _____.

<p>Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the greenhouse gas with its primary source:

<p>Carbon Dioxide = Burning fossil fuels Methane = Agriculture and waste decomposition Nitrous Oxide = Agricultural activities Fluorinated Gases = Industrial applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adaptation strategy to climate change?

<p>Planting trees to absorb CO2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Climate change is solely caused by natural factors and not influenced by human activities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy sources are transitioned to in climate change mitigation?

<p>Renewable Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of the Paris Agreement?

<p>To limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Kyoto Protocol aims to promote water conservation worldwide.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key forms of stream channels?

<p>Straight, meandering, and braided channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Floodplains are characterized as broad, flat land that is often rich in __________.

<p>nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each fluvial landform with its description:

<p>Meanders = Curved channels formed by erosion and deposition Oxbow Lakes = Crescent-shaped bodies of water from cut-off meanders Levees = Embankments that protect against flooding Meander Scars = Remnants of old meanders in the landscape</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a cut-off channel?

<p>A new, straight river path formed when a meander is bypassed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Levees can be both natural and artificial structures.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do meander scars indicate?

<p>They indicate remnants of abandoned river channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of landform represents low-lying areas typically found behind levees or floodplains?

<p>Backswamps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Terraces are created when a river deposits sediment on its floodplain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two different types of geomorphic processes?

<p>Endogenic Process and Exogenic Process</p> Signup and view all the answers

A stream with multiple channels and numerous bars and islands is known as a __________ stream.

<p>braided</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following geomorphic features with their definitions:

<p>Backswamp = Low-lying area behind a levee Scroll Bars = Ridge-like landforms in meandering rivers Terraces = Step-like former riverbeds Braided Streams = Multiple channels with sediment deposits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of weathering involves the chemical decomposition of minerals?

<p>Chemical Weathering (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Erodible stream banks are only found in braided stream environments.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a condition that commonly leads to the formation of braided streams?

<p>Erodible and non-cohesive stream banks</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the reaction of a mineral with water to form new minerals and dissolved components?

<p>Hydrolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxidation in weathering involves the reaction of minerals with moisture in the air.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the mass movement of materials down a slope?

<p>Mass Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ zone is where snow accumulates and compacts in a glacier.

<p>Accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following glacial processes with their definitions:

<p>Plucking = Ice melting or sublimating leading to mass loss Ablation = Rock fragments embraced by ice are lifted out of bedrock Abrasion = Scouring of bedrock by rock fragments embedded in ice Moraines = Ridges of unsorted glacial sediment deposited by glaciers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of moraine marks the farthest advance of a glacier?

<p>Terminal Moraine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kettle lakes are formed by the melting of buried blocks of ice.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences the stability of a slope?

<p>Material, gradient, moisture content</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Energy Definition

Energy is the ability of a system to do work.

Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.

Radiant Energy

Energy that travels as electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, from gamma rays to radio waves.

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Wavelength & Frequency

Wavelength is the distance between crests or troughs in a wave. Frequency is the number of waves passing a point per second. Longer wavelength = lower frequency, shorter wavelength = higher frequency.

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Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Hotter objects emit more radiation than cooler objects.

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Net Radiation

The difference between incoming and outgoing radiation at Earth's surface.

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SALR

Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate is the rate at which an air parcel cools as it rises, saturated with water vapor.

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Stable Air Mass

Air that resists vertical movement.

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Unstable Air Mass

Air that readily rises.

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Air Mass

A large body of air with similar temperature and humidity.

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Cold Front

Boundary where cold air pushes under warm air.

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Warm Front

Boundary where warm air moves over cold air.

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Relative Humidity

Ratio of water vapor in the air to the maximum possible at that temperature.

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Climate

Long-term average weather conditions in a region.

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Greenhouse Effect

A natural process where certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat, warming the Earth's surface.

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Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

The intensification of the natural greenhouse effect due to human activities releasing additional greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

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Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

The primary greenhouse gas, primarily emitted from burning fossil fuels, contributing to global warming.

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Climate Change Impacts

The consequences of a changing climate, including rising global temperatures, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, and extreme weather events.

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Rising Global Temperatures

An increase in Earth's average temperature due to the enhanced greenhouse effect, leading to hotter summers, altered precipitation patterns, and more frequent heatwaves.

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Sea-Level Rise

The increase in the average height of ocean waters due to thermal expansion of water and melting glaciers and ice sheets, causing coastal flooding and erosion.

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Climate Change Mitigation

Actions taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit the extent of climate change.

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Climate Change Adaptation

Actions taken to adjust to the impacts of climate change and minimize its negative effects.

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Paris Agreement

A global agreement to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

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Kyoto Protocol

An international treaty that commits countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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Fluvial Processes

Involve the work of running water, shaping the Earth's surface through erosion, transportation, and deposition.

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Stream Channel Forms

The shape of a stream channel can vary, influenced by factors like slope, discharge, and sediment load. Common forms include straight, meandering, and braided channels.

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River Systems

A network of interconnected streams and rivers, including tributaries and main channels.

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Meanders

Curved channels formed by lateral erosion and deposition.

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Floodplains

A flat area of land adjacent to a stream or river that is subject to periodic flooding. Formed by the deposition of sediments, when the river overflows its banks during high flow events. Characterized as broad, flat land that's often rich in nutrients which is good for farming.

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Oxbow Lakes

A crescent-shaped body of water that forms when a meander of a river is cut off from the main channel by either erosion or sediment deposition. Happens when a meandering river creates a sharp curve which then gets cut off as the two high flow points on each bend merge.

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Backswamp

A low-lying, wet area behind levees or floodplains, prone to flooding and poorly drained. Rich in organic matter and supports swamp vegetation.

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Scroll Bar

Ridge-like landforms inside curves of meandering rivers, formed by sediment deposition in alternating light and dark bands.

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Terraces

Step-like landforms representing former riverbeds or floodplains, created when a river cuts down into its floodplain.

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Braided Stream

A stream with multiple channels, numerous bars and islands, steep valley gradient, coarse sediments, and high width to depth ratio.

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Geomorphology

The study of landforms and landscapes.

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Endogenic Process

A process originating within the Earth, like volcanism or earthquakes.

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Exogenic Process

A process on the Earth's surface, including weathering, mass wasting, fluvial, and glacial processes.

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Weathering Process

The physical or chemical breakdown of rocks, minerals, and soil.

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Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction where a mineral reacts with water, creating new minerals and dissolved substances.

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Oxidation

A reaction between dissolved oxygen in water and a mineral, forming oxides like iron oxide (rust).

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Chemical Weathering Factors

Chemical weathering is most effective in high temperatures, low pH (acidic) environments, and with moisture.

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Mass Movement

The downward movement of rock or sand down a slope.

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Slope Stability

Factors affecting slope stability include material type, slope gradient, and moisture content.

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Glacial Formation

Glaciers form when snow accumulates and compacts over time in a zone called the 'accumulation zone'.

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Glacial Erosion

Glaciers erode land through 'plucking' (lifting rock fragments) and 'abrasion' (scouring bedrock).

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Glacial Depositional Landforms

Glaciers deposit various landforms like moraines (hills), outwash plains (flat areas), and kettle lakes (depressions).

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Study Notes

Energy and Radiation

  • Energy is a measure of a system's ability to do work.
  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form and transferred.
  • Radiant energy travels as electromagnetic waves.
  • Solar output includes solar wind (charged gases from the sun) and auroras (light displays).
  • Solar activity can disrupt communications.

Electromagnetic Radiation

  • Electromagnetic radiation carries energy through space or matter as electric and magnetic disturbances.
  • It can be modeled as waveforms.
  • The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from gamma rays (shortest wavelength) to radio waves (longest wavelength).
  • Wavelength is typically measured in microns (μm).
  • Different types of electromagnetic radiation include gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), microwaves, and radio waves.
  • Wavelength and frequency are inversely related; longer wavelengths have lower frequencies.

Radiation Principles

  • Stefan-Boltzmann Law: Hotter objects emit more radiation per unit area.
  • Net radiation is the balance between incoming and outgoing radiation, crucial for Earth's climate.

Atmospheric Processes

  • Lapse rates describe the rate at which temperature changes with altitude.
  • Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR) and Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate (MAR) vary with temperature and moisture content.
  • Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DAR) is a constant rate of temperature decrease with altitude for dry air.
  • Stability conditions (stable, unstable, or conditionally unstable) depend on specific atmospheric conditions.

Air Masses and Fronts

  • Air masses are large bodies of air with uniform temperature and humidity characteristics.
  • Air masses are classified by their source region (e.g., polar, tropical, maritime, continental).
  • Fronts are boundaries between different air masses.
  • Cold fronts, warm fronts, and stationary fronts are different types of fronts with distinct characteristics.

Weather Elements

  • Temperature measures hotness or coldness.
  • Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air, relative humidity is the ratio of actual water vapor to the maximum possible.
  • Pressure is the force exerted by the atmosphere.
  • Clouds are condensed water vapor in the atmosphere; different types are characterized by different appearances.
  • Precipitation is any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the surface (rain, snow, etc.).
  • Wind is the horizontal movement of air.

Climate and Climate Change

  • Climate is the long-term average weather conditions in a region.
  • The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth's surface.
  • Enhanced greenhouse effect occurs due to human activities releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
  • Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases.
  • Climate change impacts include rising global temperatures, sea-level rise, and extreme weather events.
  • Mitigation involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions, while adaptation involves adjusting to the effects of climate change.
  • International agreements like the Paris Agreement aim to limit global warming.

Geomorphology

  • Fluvial processes involve the work of running water shaping the Earth's surface.
  • Key fluvial concepts include stream channel forms (straight, meandering, braided), river systems (networks of interconnected streams), and fluvial landforms (meanders, floodplains, terraces, etc.).

Weathering Processes

  • Weathering is the breakdown of rocks and minerals at or near the Earth's surface.
  • Geomorphology is the study of landforms.
  • Endogenic processes occur within the Earth (volcanoes, earthquakes) and exogenic processes occur on the Earth's surface (weathering, mass wasting, fluvial, and glacial processes).
  • Chemical weathering is the decomposition of minerals through chemical reactions like hydrolysis and oxidation.

Glacial Processes

  • Equilibrium line is the boundary between accumulation and ablation zones on a glacier.
  • Plucking and abrasion erode bedrock as glaciers move.
  • Moraines (terminal, lateral, and medial) are ridges of till left behind by glaciers.
  • Other glacial landforms include outwash plains, kettle lakes, and eskers.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of energy and electromagnetic radiation. Explore the principles governing energy transformations, the electromagnetic spectrum, and the impact of solar activity on communications. Test your understanding of various types of electromagnetic radiation and their characteristics.

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