Endpoint Security for LANs

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Questions and Answers

In a modern network security approach, what is the role of Network Admission Control (NAC)?

  • To encrypt all data transmitted across the network.
  • To provide advanced antimalware protection.
  • To authenticate users and enforce network security policies. (correct)
  • To filter URLs to prevent access to malicious websites.

What is a key difference between traditional endpoint security and modern endpoint security solutions?

  • Traditional security relies on reactive measures, while modern security incorporates proactive threat intelligence and analysis. (correct)
  • Traditional security uses hardware encryption, while modern security uses software encryption.
  • Traditional security focuses solely on perimeter defense, while modern security includes endpoint protection.
  • Traditional security is more effective against zero-day attacks than modern security.

Which of the following is a primary function of Cisco's Email Security Appliance (ESA)?

  • Managing and controlling network bandwidth allocation.
  • Providing network intrusion detection.
  • Blocking spam and providing advanced malware protection for email. (correct)
  • Encrypting all web traffic.

What type of security threat is mitigated by implementing DHCP snooping?

<p>DHCP starvation and DHCP spoofing attacks. (C)</p>
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What is the primary purpose of using port security on a network switch?

<p>To prevent unauthorized devices from accessing the network through a switch port. (B)</p>
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How does a CAM table overflow attack compromise network security?

<p>By causing the switch to forward all traffic to every port, allowing an attacker to capture sensitive data. (B)</p>
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What does Cisco's Advanced Malware Protection (AMP) provide in addition to traditional anti-virus software?

<p>Real-time threat intelligence and retrospective security analysis. (D)</p>
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Which Layer 2 attack involves manipulating the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) to become the root bridge and intercept network traffic?

<p>STP manipulation. (A)</p>
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What is the function of IP Source Guard in network security?

<p>To prevent IP address spoofing attacks. (B)</p>
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What is VLAN hopping and what type of vulnerability does it exploit?

<p>An attack that allows traffic from one VLAN to be seen by another without routing; exploits trunking protocol vulnerabilities. (B)</p>
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How does a modern Web Security Appliance (WSA) protect a network from web-based threats?

<p>By inspecting web traffic, filtering malicious URLs, and scanning for malware. (B)</p>
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Which of the following is a typical characteristic of a DHCP starvation attack?

<p>An attacker floods the DHCP server with request to exhaust all available IP addresses. (D)</p>
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What is the purpose of configuring 'switchport port-security mac-address sticky' on a switchport?

<p>To dynamically learn and add connected MAC addresses to the running configuration. (D)</p>
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When configuring port security, what is the 'violation mode' and what options are typically available?

<p>The action taken when a security violation occurs; options are protect, restrict, and shutdown. (B)</p>
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How does implementing Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI) contribute to network security?

<p>By validating ARP packets against a trusted database to prevent ARP poisoning. (D)</p>
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What is the role of the Talos team in the context of Cisco's security solutions?

<p>To gather and analyze real-time threat intelligence. (A)</p>
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In the context of network security, what does the term 'blacklisting' refer to?

<p>A list of entities (e.g., URLs, IP addresses) that are blocked or denied access. (B)</p>
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What is the purpose of configuring a DHCP snooping limit rate on a switch interface?

<p>To prevent DHCP starvation attacks by limiting the rate of DHCP requests. (A)</p>
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When implementing port security, which aging type is most appropriate for environments where devices frequently move or change?

<p>Absolute or Inactive aging. (A)</p>
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Which of the following best describes the combined function of a Cisco Web Security Appliance (WSA) and Email Security Appliance (ESA) in a comprehensive security strategy?

<p>The WSA protects against web-based threats, while the ESA protects against email-based threats. (A)</p>
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What is a common method an attacker might use to initiate a CAM table overflow attack?

<p>Using a tool like 'macof' to flood the switch with bogus MAC addresses. (B)</p>
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How does implementing 802.1X authentication improve network security?

<p>By authenticating users and devices before granting network access. (A)</p>
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What is the purpose of configuring VLAN trunk security, and what type of attack does it primarily mitigate?

<p>To restrict the VLANs allowed on a trunk link; mitigates VLAN hopping attacks. (C)</p>
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What is one key benefit of using hardware-based encryption over software-based encryption for local data?

<p>It generally offers better performance and security due to dedicated processing. (C)</p>
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What is the significance of the 'show mac address-table' command on a Cisco switch?

<p>It shows the current MAC address to port mappings within the CAM table. (C)</p>
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Traditional endpoint security relies solely on network-based protections, neglecting host-based firewalls and intrusion prevention systems.

<p>False (B)</p>
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In a borderless network, limiting security measures to antivirus software is sufficient to protect against the wide array of potential threats.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Advanced Malware Protection (AMP) operates only after a malware attack by focusing solely on remediation.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Cisco AMP utilizes threat intelligence gathered from a broad range of sources, analyzing approximately 100 MB of security data daily.

<p>False (B)</p>
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A key feature of the Cisco Email Security Appliance is its ability to block spam, provide advanced malware protection, and control outbound messages.

<p>True (A)</p>
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When a client initiates a web request, the Cisco Web Security Appliance (WSA) intercepts the request, analyzes it for potential threats, and then forwards it to the internet.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Cisco NAC functions do not include policy enforcement; it only focuses on identifying users and devices on the network.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Layer 2 vulnerabilities involve exploitation of the Physical and Application layers of the OSI model.

<p>False (B)</p>
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In a CAM table overflow attack, the switch floods the network with traffic because it cannot determine the correct destination MAC address.

<p>True (A)</p>
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The macof tool is used to mitigate CAM table attacks by preventing attackers from flooding the network with bogus MAC addresses.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Port security guarantees network performance by ensuring that only authorized devices can connect to a switch port.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Enabling sticky learning on a switch port allows the switch to dynamically learn and permanently store MAC addresses until manually deleted.

<p>False (B)</p>
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In port security, the 'restrict' violation mode drops traffic from unauthorized MAC addresses, sends a syslog message, and increments the violation counter.

<p>True (A)</p>
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A DHCP starvation attack renders a DHCP server unable to issue IP addresses by overwhelming it with requests, while a DHCP spoofing attack sets up a bogus DHCP server.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Configuring DHCP snooping on a switch involves defining ports as either 'trusted' or 'untrusted', with 'trusted' ports being allowed to send DHCP responses.

<p>True (A)</p>
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In the context of endpoint security, 'blacklisting' refers to a technique that only permits known good URLs to be accessed, blocking all others.

<p>False (B)</p>
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ESA and WSA are legacy systems and offer similar functionaility to Antivirus software.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Modern security solutions replaced the need for hardware and software encryption of local data.

<p>False (B)</p>
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In DHCP Snooping configurations, DHCP 'trust' is configured on the interfaces connecting to clients, not the DHCP server.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Advanced Malware Protection (AMP) can block URLs.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Modern security solutions combine NAC, AMP, ESA and WSA functionality.

<p>True (A)</p>
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1 TB of security intelligence data is analyzed daily using Cisco's threat defense.

<p>False (B)</p>
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The purpose of blacklisting is to ensure only trusted sources can access your server.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Once sticky MAC Addreses are learned, they cannot be deleted.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Sticky learning requires a manual reboot to take effect.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Flashcards

Endpoint Security

Securing individual devices (endpoints) connected to a network.

Traditional Endpoint Security

Traditional security measures on individual devices (e.g., antivirus, host-based firewalls).

Traditional Endpoint Security Components

Host-Based Antivirus/Antimalware, Host-Based IPS, and Host-Based Firewall.

Host-Based Protection

Features include Antivirus/Antimalware, SPAM Filtering, URL Filtering, and Blacklisting

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AMP

Advanced Malware Protection is a modern security solution.

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NAC

Network Access Control; manages secure network admission.

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ESA

Email Security Appliance; blocks spam and malware in emails.

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WSA

Web Security Appliance; filters malicious websites and content.

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Managed Threat Defense

Talos teams gather threat intelligence from a variety of sources and analyze data to block threats.

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Cisco Email Security Appliance

An appliance that blocks spam, provides advanced malware protection and outbound message control.

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Cisco Web Security Appliance

An appliance that filters web content, manages web access and web security.

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Cisco NAC

A security feature that allows to configure devices to authenticate and authorize network access.

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Layer 2 Security Threats

Attacks that exploit vulnerabilities in Layer 2 protocols and devices.

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Data Link (Layer 2)

The Ethernet Frames Layer

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Switch Attack Categories

CAM Table Attacks, VLAN Attacks, STP Attacks, DHCP Attacks, ARP Attacks, and Address Spoofing Attacks

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CAM Table Overflow Attack

An attack that floods the switch's CAM table with fake MAC addresses, causing it to forward traffic to all ports.

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show mac-address-table

Command used to display the MAC address table.

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Port Security

A switch security feature that limits the MAC addresses that can be learned on a port.

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Port Security Violation Mode

Secure-shutdown

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Sends Syslog Message

It is a message that is sent after violating parameters configured on a device.

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DHCP Spoofing Attack

A rogue DHCP server provides incorrect IP addresses to clients.

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DHCP Starvation Attack

Attacker exhausts all IP addresses in the DHCP scope, causing denial of service for legitimate clients.

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DHCP Snooping

A security feature that filters DHCP messages to prevent malicious DHCP servers from providing incorrect IP addresses to clients.

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Trusted port

A port where DHCP messages are trusted.

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Untrusted port

A port where DHCP messages are not trusted.

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Securing LAN Elements

Ensuring security at the entry points of a network, where devices connect.

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Post-Malware Questions

Questions to ask after a malware attack to learn from the incident.

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Advanced Malware Protection

Provides protection before, during, and after a malware attack.

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Enabling Port Security

The first step when implementing Port Security.

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Maximum MAC Addresses

Limits the maximum number of MAC addresses on a port.

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Basic Switch Operation

The CAM Table

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ip dhcp snooping limit rate

A command to configure the rate limit for DHCP Snooping.

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Study Notes

Endpoint Security

  • Designed to secure local area networks

Endpoint Security Technologies

  • Endpoint security encompasses enabling technologies to protect LANs
  • Cisco AMP is leveraged to ensure end-point security
  • Cisco NAC authenticates and enforces network security policies

Securing LAN Elements

  • VPN
  • Firewall
  • ESA/WSA
  • IPS
  • ACS

Traditional Endpoint Security

  • Host-based IPS
  • Antivirus/Antimalware Software
  • Host-Based Firewall

Securing Endpoints in Borderless Networks

  • Key questions after a malware attack include determining the source, threat method, affected systems, the threat's actions, containment strategies, recovery, and prevention
  • Host-Based Protection includes antivirus/antimalware, SPAM filtering, URL filtering, and blacklisting

Modern Endpoint Security Solutions

  • AMP
  • NAC
  • ESA
  • WSA

Antimalware Protection Phases

  • Before: Discover, Enforce, Harden
  • During: Detect, Block, Defend
  • After: Scope, Contain, Remediate

AMP and Managed Threat Defense

  • Talos teams gather real-time threat intelligence from sources:
    • 1.6 million deployed security devices (firewall, IPS, web, and email appliances)
    • 150 million endpoints.
  • Talos analyzes 100 TB of security intelligence daily, 13 billion web requests per day, and 35% of the world's enterprise email traffic

Cisco Email Security Appliance Features

  • Spam blocking
  • Advanced malware protection
  • Outbound message control

Cisco Web Security Appliance Operation

  • Client initiates web request
  • WSA forwards the request
  • Reply sent to WSA and then to client

Cisco NAC Functions

  • NAC = Network Admission Control
  • NAC authenticates and enforces network security policies.
  • Components: hosts attempting network access, network access devices, policy server decision points, and vendor servers

Layer 2 Security Considerations

  • Aims to address Layer 2 vulnerabilities
  • Includes mitigation techniques of CAM table overflow attacks, VLAN hopping attacks, DHCP attacks, ARP attacks, and address spoofing attacks
  • Also includes implementing Dynamic Arp Inspection to mitigate ARP attacks
  • Another mitigation technique is implementing IP Source Guard to mitigate address spoofing attacks

Layer 2 Vulnerabilities

  • Can be initially compromised in the Data Link layer
  • This can propagate up through the Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application layers

Switch Attack Categories

  • CAM Table Attacks
  • STP Attacks
  • Address Spoofing Attacks
  • ARP Attacks
  • DHCP Attacks
  • VLAN Attacks

CAM Table Attacks

  • Intruder runs attack tool (macof), filling CAM table with bogus addresses

CAM Table Attack Outcomes

  • Switch floods all traffic
  • Attacker captures traffic

CAM Table Attack Tools

  • macof

CAM Table Attack Countermeasures

  • Port Security

Port Security

  • Port Security allows only the specified MAC addresses, such as A, B and C

Port Security Options

  • Port-security aging commands
  • Secure MAC address
  • Max secure addresses
  • Security violation mode

Security Violation Modes

  • Protect: Forwards traffic, doesn't send Syslog message, and doesn't increment violation counter and doesn't shuts down the port
  • Restrict: Doesn't forwards traffic, sends Syslog message, increments violation counter and doesn't shuts down the port
  • Shutdown: Doesn't forwards traffic, sends Syslog message, increments violation counter and shuts down the port

DHCP Spoofing Attack

  • Rogue DHCP server provides incorrect IP configuration information to clients

DHCP Starvation Attack

  • Attacker floods DHCP server with requests, exhausting available IP addresses

Configuring DHCP Snooping

  • Involves configuring trusted and untrusted ports, typically with the DHCP server port as trusted

DHCP Snooping Configuration

  • Limit the rate of DHCP traffic on untrusted ports and limiting the number of MAC Addresses
  • Verify DHCP Snooping showing the MacAddress, IpAddress, Lease, Type, VLAN and Interface

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