Endoscopy Exam Notes
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of a cystoscopy?

  • To monitor intestinal polyps
  • To examine the inside of the bladder and urethra (correct)
  • To evaluate the rectum for cancer
  • To conduct a barium enema

Which of the following is NOT an indication for cystoscopy?

  • Frequent urinary tract infections
  • Removal of a foreign body
  • Heavy rectal bleeding (correct)
  • Diagnosis of hematuria

What complication may arise after proctoscopy?

  • Chronic urinary retention
  • Severe dehydration
  • Heavy blood loss (correct)
  • Infection of the bladder

Which of the following statements about cystoscopy is true?

<p>It can be performed using both rigid and flexible instruments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for performing a cystoscopy?

<p>Active urinary tract infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be removed before the ERCP procedure?

<p>Jewelry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the significant risks associated with ERCP?

<p>Infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After an ERCP procedure, when can patients typically start eating and drinking?

<p>Once the throat is no longer numb (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition does NOT contraindicate ERCP?

<p>Recent surgery on the gallbladder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the purpose of proctoscopy?

<p>To detect diseases of the rectum and anus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the pancreatic duct?

<p>Wirsung (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complications of ERCP can occur in what percentage of patients?

<p>1 to 5 percent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a reason for a patient to require cystoscopy?

<p>Chronic pelvic pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a gastroscopy?

<p>To provide a reliable diagnosis of conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical indication for a colonoscopy?

<p>Unexplained weight gain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the insufflator during a laparoscopic intervention?

<p>To introduce gas into the abdominal cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risk is associated with therapeutic measures during a colonoscopy?

<p>Risk of perforation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is typically NOT treated with endoscopy?

<p>Broken bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the advantages of using the Da Vinci Surgical System?

<p>It offers improved dexterity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is a colonoscopy contraindicated?

<p>Acute diverticulitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which condition would a Small Bowel Enteroscopy be indicated?

<p>Chronic abdominal pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does a typical colonoscopy procedure last?

<p>30 minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a therapeutic application of endoscopy?

<p>Hemorrhage treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of gastroscopy regarding abnormality detection?

<p>It may miss very early or subtle cases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is NOT directly visualized during a gastroscopy?

<p>Colon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of condition can endoscopy help confirm or rule out?

<p>Inflammation of the gullet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is primarily used to inflate the abdomen during laparoscopic surgery?

<p>Carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a suitable indication for undergoing a colonoscopy?

<p>Persistent abdominal pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if there is doubt during the advancement of the endoscope?

<p>Pull back (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the terminal ileum typically visualized on the scope?

<p>Left part of the scope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic rules of colonoscopy?

<p>Advance the endoscope without a clear view (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using topical anesthetic jelly during a digital rectal examination?

<p>To lubricate the anal canal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the colon is indicated as a potential difficult area during colonoscopy?

<p>Rectosigmoid junction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a red-out sign during colonoscopy?

<p>Scope is against the colon mucosa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diverticulitis an example of in colonoscopy pathology?

<p>Inflammatory condition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason to use as much air as necessary during endoscopy?

<p>To visualize the colon better (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing endoscopy in the small intestine?

<p>To diagnose and treat conditions like bleeding and tumors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a therapeutic use of bronchoscopy?

<p>Stent therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a complication of bronchoscopy?

<p>Gastroesophageal reflux (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preparation required before undergoing bronchoscopy?

<p>Fast for 6-12 hours and no liquids the previous day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for bronchoscopy?

<p>Uncorrectable hypoxemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary risk associated with the use of bronchoscopy?

<p>Mild irritation and inflammation of the airway lining (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action regarding food and drink before an ERCP procedure?

<p>No food or drink for 8 hours prior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic indication involves the placement of a stent?

<p>Stent placement in the bile duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endoscopy

A procedure using a thin, flexible tube with a camera to view the inside of the digestive tract, from the mouth to the colon.

Small Bowel Enteroscopy

A type of endoscopy specifically used to examine the small intestine.

Insufflation

The process of inflating the abdominal cavity with CO2 gas to create space for visualization and manipulation during laparoscopic surgery.

Reflux Oesophagitis

A condition characterized by inflammation of the esophagus, often caused by acid reflux.

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Ulcer Disease

An open sore in the lining of the digestive tract, from the esophagus to the jejunum.

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Upper GI Endoscopy

A type of endoscopy used to examine the upper part of the digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

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Da Vinci Surgical System

A surgical system utilizing robotic arms for minimally invasive procedures, offering improved dexterity and control.

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Taking Biopsies

A technique used to remove a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope.

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Cystoscopy

A procedure that uses a thin, tube-like instrument called a cystoscope to view the inside of the bladder and urethra.

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Hematuria

A medical condition characterized by blood in the urine.

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Catheterize the ureters

A procedure involving passing a catheter through the ureters to treat lesions, tumors, or follow up on previous examinations.

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Uretroscope

An instrument used for examining both the lower and upper portions of the urinary tract, including the urethra, bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, and calyx.

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Bladder neck incision

A surgical procedure that involves making an incision in the bladder neck under observation.

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Capsule Endoscopy

A procedure that uses a long, flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) to look inside the small intestine.

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Double-Balloon Enteroscopy

A procedure that uses a long, flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) to look inside the small intestine.

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Bronchoscopy

A procedure that uses a long, flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) to look inside the airways (bronchi) of the lungs.

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ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography)

A procedure that uses a long, flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) to look inside the bile ducts and the pancreas.

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Pneumothorax

A common complication of bronchoscopy. It occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and the chest wall.

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Hemorrhage

A common complication of bronchoscopy. It involves bleeding from the airways.

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Gallstones

A condition in which gallstones form in the gallbladder and become stuck in the bile ducts.

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Sphincterotomy

A procedure in which the sphincter of Oddi is cut to allow bile to flow more freely from the bile ducts.

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Difficult Segments During Colonoscopy

The rectosigmoid junction, sigmoid descending, splenic flexure, and hepatic flexure are common areas where colonoscopes may encounter more difficulty during advancement.

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What is a Colonoscopy?

The procedure where a flexible, lighted scope is used to examine the inside of the colon.

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What is the Anal Canal?

A short segment of the colon that begins at the anal verge and ends at the dentate line.

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What is Enteroscopy?

A procedure commonly employed to examine deeper portions of the small intestine that cannot be accessed by a standard gastroscope.

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What is Diverticulitis?

Inflammation or infection of pouches called diverticula that form in the walls of the colon.

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What is Ulcerative Colitis?

An inflammatory bowel disease that affects the colon and rectum.

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What is Polyposis?

A condition where polyps, or small growths, form inside the colon.

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What is Angiodysplasia?

A condition where blood vessels in the colon become enlarged or abnormal.

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What is Endoscopy?

Endoscopy provides detailed visuals of the upper digestive tract, allowing doctors to detect and diagnose conditions like ulcers, infections, and even early stages of cancer.

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What is Gastroscopy?

Gastroscopy is a type of endoscopy specifically used to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. This procedure helps doctors diagnose conditions like indigestion, ulcers, and infections, leading to personalized treatment plans.

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Limitations of Colonoscopy?

Colonoscopy is generally effective, but sometimes it can be challenging due to anatomical variations within the colon, such as a mobile or long sigmoid colon, or post-surgery adhesions. These factors can make it difficult to navigate the colon completely.

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Risks of Colonoscopy?

While Colonoscopy is a reliable diagnostic tool, there are potential risks associated with the procedure. These include perforation (a hole in the colon), injury to blood vessels causing bleeding, and infection. The likelihood of complications is higher with therapeutic procedures, like polypectomies.

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Why Might a Doctor Recommend a Colonoscopy?

Colonoscopy is often recommended for individuals experiencing digestive symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bleeding, or unexplained weight loss. It's also crucial for individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer or those who have had polyps removed to monitor for any recurrence.

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When is a Colonoscopy Not Recommended?

Conditions like a perforated intestine, acute diverticulitis, severe colitis, and certain cardiovascular issues can make a colonoscopy risky. These conditions might require alternative diagnostic approaches.

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Importance of Colonoscopy?

While there are risks, colonoscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool for identifying and treating problems in the colon. Early detection and treatment of colon conditions can significantly improve outcomes.

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Reasons for ERCP

A narrowed or blocked biliary system can be caused by tumors, infections, or lower tumors growing in the bile duct.

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ERCP Procedure

A local anesthetic is sprayed on the throat, an IV sedative is administered, and the endoscope is inserted through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and into the duodenum where the ampulla of Vater is located.

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Post-ERCP

Patients are monitored for 1-2 hours after the procedure for the effects of the sedatives to wear off. Eating and drinking are allowed after the throat is no longer numb. Hospitalization is required overnight if a gallstone was removed or a stent was placed during the procedure.

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Risks of ERCP

Risks associated with ERCP include infection, pancreatitis, allergic reaction, bleeding, perforation, radiation damage, and death (rare).

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Wirsung

Another name for the pancreatic duct is Wirsung.

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Complications of ERCP

Complications of ERCP occur in about 1 to 5% of cases, depending on the physician's skill and the underlying conditions.

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Contraindications of ERCP

Contraindications to ERCP include unstable cardiac and pulmonary conditions, unstable neurological issues, psychological problems, existing bowel perforation, structural abnormalities in the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine, altered surgical anatomy, and coagulation disorders.

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Study Notes

Endoscopy Exam Notes

  • Endoscopy is a procedure used to view and operate on internal organs and vessels.
  • It's used for various purposes including investigations, unusual symptom diagnosis, and surgical procedures.
  • Endoscopy is not limited to the digestive system.

Types of Endoscopy

  • Laparoscopy: Used for abdominal or pelvic investigations.
  • Hysteroscopy: Used for uterine investigations.
  • Cystoscopy: Used for bladder investigations.
  • Gastroscopy (upper GI endoscopy): Used for upper gastrointestinal investigations.
  • Colonoscopy: Used for colon investigations.
  • Sigmoidoscopy: Used for lower colon investigations.
  • ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography): Used for pancreatic and bile duct diseases.
  • Bronchoscopy: Used for lung investigations.
  • Laryngoscopy: Used for larynx investigations
  • Arthroscopy: Used for joint investigations.
  • Nasopharyngoscopy: Used for nose and pharynx investigations.
  • Otoscopy: Used for ear investigations.

Endoscopy Uses

  • Diagnosed and treatment of bleeding sources
  • Diagnosis and treatment of polyp removal
  • Diagnosis of abnormal tissues and inflammatory bowel diseases.
  • Examination of specific body areas like the small intestine, organs, and joints.

Endoscopy Advantages

  • Less invasive than open surgery.
  • Descriptive and photographic documentation.
  • Relatively low morbidity and mortality.

Endoscopy Disadvantages

  • Only examines surface areas.
  • Limited view of detailed internal areas.
  • Can't examine all areas with a single procedure.

Capsule Endoscopy

  • Latest technique using a small-sized video capsule for examination of the digestive tract.
  • Capsule transmits images as it passes through the digestive tract.
  • Sensors gather data around the waist.

Endoscopic Ultrasound

  • Uses high-frequency sound waves to examine digestive and lung systems.

Narrowband Imaging

  • Images internal organs with filtered light for better visualization.

Chromoendoscopy

  • Dyes used to aid in identifying any lesions for enhanced diagnosis.

Endoscopy B

  • Da Vinci Surgical System offers improved dexterity and better control.
  • Reduced hospital stay.
  • Less staff needed.
  • Lower risk.
  • Limitations exist in various endoscopic procedures.
  • Endoscopy is used for inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, stomach ulcers, chronic constipation, pancreatitis, gallstones, and tumors.
  • Procedures like injections, clips, removal of foreign bodies, dilation of strictures, and stenting commonly assist in treatment.
  • Feeding tubes (PEG) and Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) may be required for treatment.

Endoscopy C

  • Gastroscopy is a reliable diagnostic tool for identifying issues in the upper digestive tract.
  • Gastroscopy is good for detecting inflammation, ulcers, tumors, and other abnormalities.
  • Limitations exist in early diagnostic ability.

Endoscopy D

  • Anal canal examinations are short segments from the dentate line.
  • Procedures use scopes with air insufflation and retroflexion for distal views.
  • Terminal ileum examination is typically done with a scope to identify issues.

Endoscopy E

  • Bronchoscopy involves inserting a flexible tube through the nose or mouth to reach the airways.
  • Bronchoscopy can be used to diagnose lung cancer, foreign objects, and other breathing concerns.

Endoscopy F

  • ERCP is a specific procedure for diagnosing and treating conditions of the bile ducts, gallbladder, pancreas, and liver.
  • ERCP involves combining endoscopy and X-rays.

Endoscopy G

  • Cystoscopy is a procedure used to examine the inside of the bladder and urethra.
  • Used for diagnostic x-rays, removing or evaluating obstacles, biopsy, and removing foreign objects.
  • Frequent urinary issues, stones, infections, and bladder or urethral abnormalities are common reasons for cystoscopy.

Endoscopy H

  • Procedures and reasons are outlined for specific types of endoscopy.

Appendix

  • Procedure descriptions of various endoscopy procedures.

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Endoscopy Exam Notes PDF

Description

Explore the various types of endoscopy procedures used to examine internal organs and vessels. This quiz covers notable methods like laparoscopy, bronchoscopy, and colonoscopy, among others, providing key details on their applications and purposes. Ideal for medical students and healthcare professionals looking to enhance their knowledge on this critical diagnostic tool.

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