Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough vs Smooth
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Questions and Answers

What is considered to be the basic unit of life according to the Cell Theory?

  • Cells (correct)
  • Atoms
  • Molecules
  • Genes

    • Which cellular compartment analogy is used to describe that different parts of a cell perform specific tasks efficiently?

  • Cellular Hotels
  • Cellular Suites
  • Cellular Villages
  • Cellular Rooms (correct)

    • What determines the function of nerve cells?

  • Shape and specific subcellular structures (correct)
  • Density
  • Color
  • Size

    • What is a key aspect of the relationship between a cell's structure and its function?

    <p>Structure and function are interconnected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT one of the major cellular compartments described in the text?

    <p>Cellular Neighborhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Cell Theory, where do new cells arise from?

    <p>Pre-existing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when homologous pairs of sister chromatids associate with each other?

    <p>Synapsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of the physical exchange between chromosome pieces during crossing over?

    <p>Increases genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In meiosis, how many haploid daughter cells are produced?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are telomeres and their role in cell aging?

    <p>Protective caps on the ends of chromosomes that shorten with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the attachment of sugar molecules to proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids unnaturally?

    <p>Glycation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the programmed cell death mechanism called?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell division process results in genetically identical daughter cells?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Chiasma' refers to what specific feature during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over site where chromosomes remain adhered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During somatic cell division, what are the two main events that occur?

    <p>Mitosis and cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of autosomes chromosomes do diploid somatic cells typically have?

    <p>22 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Mitosis creates diploid cells, while meiosis creates haploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of karyotype analysis?

    <p>To visualize an individual's complete set of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cytokinesis in cell division?

    <p>Division of the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of chromosome number, what does '2N' represent?

    <p>Total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major event occurs during fertilization?

    <p><strong>Unification</strong> of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the plasma membrane in a cell?

    <p>Marking the boundary between the outside and inside of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Glycogen storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules can easily pass through the plasma membrane?

    <p>Small non-polar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the plasma membrane avoids water and lines up in the central part of the membrane?

    <p>Phospholipid tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the ability of molecules to pass through the plasma membrane?

    <p>Size and charge/polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecules are generally impermeable to the plasma membrane?

    <p>Large polar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do essential cell proteins and large molecules require to enter the cell?

    <p>'Mediated' or active transport processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Selective permeability' of the plasma membrane refers to its ability to:

    <p>'Allow' only specific substances to pass through while excluding others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?

    <p>Protein synthesis and modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle plays a role in the synthesis of lipids and steroids like cholesterol and its derivatives?

    <p>Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?

    <p>Synthesis of lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle stores hydrolases, enzymes responsible for digesting various biological molecules?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers muscle contraction by being stored in the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

    <p>Calcium ions (Ca2+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ribosomes are associated with Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?

    <p>Free-floating ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does water play in the human body?

    <p>Maintains body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two systems are primarily responsible for the body's homeostasis?

    <p>Nervous system and Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the body's temperature falls below 37ºC (98.6ºF)?

    <p>Chemical reactions slow and stop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a nutrient essential for the human body?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is oxygen crucial for the human body?

    <p>Is a source of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of body weight does water typically constitute?

    <p>40-60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does atmospheric pressure impact the body?

    <p>Influences gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of epigenetics in cell biology?

    <p>Altering gene expression profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of structural organization consists of groups of cells and materials that work together to perform a particular function?

    <p>Tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

    <p>Determining the shape of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis of lipids and steroids like cholesterol?

    <p>Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many levels of structural organization are described above that are part of the human body total organism?

    <p>Six</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular component is responsible for maintaining cellular memory in differentiated cells?

    <p>Epigenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine gland is responsible for producing eggs in females?

    <p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the thymus gland?

    <p>Producing sperm in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ system is involved in regulating water and electrolyte balance?

    <p>Urinary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In males, which part of the reproductive system carries sperm to the exterior?

    <p>Penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Pineal gland in the endocrine system?

    <p>Influence sleep-wake cycles through melatonin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body cavity contains the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra?

    <p>Ventral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Produce sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which life process involves the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state?

    <p>Differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including anabolism and catabolism?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of body systems, which system is responsible for motion of the whole body, individual organs, and even tiny structures inside cells?

    <p>Muscular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of anabolism in metabolism?

    <p>Build complex molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which life process refers to an increase in body size resulting from either cell enlargement or cell division?

    <p>Growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of homeostasis, what mechanism allows the body to respond to changes to maintain internal stability?

    <p>Feedback control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical term refers to the study and description of body positions and regions?

    <p>Anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the serous membrane in the pleural cavities?

    <p>To cling to the surface of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is NOT retroperitoneal according to the text?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity?

    <p>Covers the abdominal viscera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which body cavity would you find the tongue and teeth according to the text?

    <p>Oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pericardium in the pericardial cavity?

    <p>Covers the surface of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cavity is filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid according to the text?

    <p>Peritoneal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does the parietal pleura line in the chest wall?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe organs that are posterior to the peritoneum?

    <p>Retroperitoneal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lined by the parietal pericardium in the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Chest wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about organs in retroperitoneal position?

    <p>They are posterior to the peritoneum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of negative feedback mechanisms in the body?

    <p>To maintain a steady state and prevent sudden, severe changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a homeostatic control mechanism?

    <p>Digestion of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant difference between negative and positive feedback mechanisms?

    <p>Positive feedback increases the original stimulus while negative feedback reverses changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of homeostatic control, which process occurs faster: positive or negative feedback?

    <p>Positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>To coordinate fast responses in homeostatic control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body processes involve homeostatic positive feedback mechanisms according to the text?

    <p>Childbirth and blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental difference between the nervous and endocrine systems in homeostasis maintenance?

    <p>The nervous system is faster, while the endocrine system is slower in response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical outcome of negative feedback mechanisms if there is a change in a controlled condition?

    <p>'Ideal' values will be maintained despite changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the anatomical position, what is the position of the subject's feet?

    <p>Flat on the floor and directed forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a body lying faceup?

    <p>Supine position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are directional terms used by anatomists for?

    <p>Locating body structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the body is lying facedown, it is in which position?

    <p>Prone position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'anatomical position' assume about the human body?

    <p>It is in a standard reference position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a transverse section of the body, the division is into which two parts?

    <p>Superior and inferior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is assumed about the human body in regional terms?

    <p>It is in a standard position of reference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the parietal layer of a serous membrane?

    <p>Lines the walls of body cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a body lying facedown?

    <p>Prone position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a membrane that does not open directly to the exterior?

    <p>Serous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do anatomical terms refer to regardless of actual body position?

    <p>Standard anatomical positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a cut through the body at a right angle to the sagittal plane?

    <p>Frontal section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the serous fluid found between the layers of a serous membrane?

    <p>Allows for movement between layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities located?

    <p>Within the trunk region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a section that divides the body into left and right parts?

    <p>Sagittal section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about a midsagittal section of the body?

    <p>It creates equal right and left parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the body when there is severe blood loss?

    <p>Heart cells become weaker, the pumping action of the heart decreases, and blood pressure drops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed?

    <p>Destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does lifelong good health relate to homeostasis?

    <p>Many diseases result from years of poor health behavior that interferes with homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to lifelong good health according to the text?

    <p>Environment, genetic makeup, air, food, and thoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it mentioned that as we age, our body's control systems become less efficient and less stable?

    <p>To emphasize the increased risk of illness due to aging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of positive feedback mechanisms taking over in the body?

    <p>Development of serious consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does severe blood loss impact heart cells?

    <p>It weakens heart cells and reduces their efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example provided in the text of a positive feedback cycle that can lead to death?

    <p>Severe blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which life process involves the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement?

    <p>Reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and tiny structures inside cells?

    <p>Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which life process involves the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state?

    <p>Differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to changes in the environment according to the text?

    <p>Responsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the ability of the body to maintain internal stability?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of stem cells in the process of differentiation?

    <p>Development into specialized cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of cell processes, what is an increase in body size that results from an increase in cell size or number?

    <p>Growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Anabolism' and 'catabolism' are processes involved in which broader concept?

    <p>'Metabolism'</p> Signup and view all the answers

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