Endoparasites and Exoparasites Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the infective form of the organism described?

Amoeboid form

Male fly

Mature quadrinucleated cyst (correct)

Female fly

Which host is primarily associated with the organism's lifecycle?

Wild mammals

Domestic animals

Household insects

Single host human (correct)

Which mode of transmission is associated with this organism?

Respiratory droplets

Vector-borne by mosquitoes

Feco-oral route (correct)

Direct contact with infected individuals

Which invertebrate host is mentioned as part of the organism's lifecycle?

Tsetse fly Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the feeding behavior of the tsetse fly concerning humans?

Both male and female flies bite humans. Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom associated with chronic giardiasis?

Nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is responsible for African trypanosomiasis?

Trypanosoma brucei Signup and view all the answers

What type of infection does chronic giardiasis cause?

Chronic gastrointestinal infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least likely to be associated with African trypanosomiasis?

Nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Which type of worms are associated with chronic giardiasis?

Flatworms Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of Winterbottom's sign indicate?

Infection with T. Signup and view all the answers

In which phase are trophozoites typically found?

Growing phase Signup and view all the answers

Which species is primarily responsible for quartan malaria?

Plasmodium malariae Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of T. as suggested by the content?

It is associated with Winterbottom's sign. Signup and view all the answers

What role do trophozoites play in the life cycle of T.?

They are the feeding and growing stage. Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the life cycle of the main human infection species mentioned?

It completes both sexual and asexual stages in a single host. Signup and view all the answers

What condition is commonly associated with Winterbottom's sign?

African sleeping sickness Signup and view all the answers

How many species are mentioned as causing human infection?

Five Signup and view all the answers

What form of malaria is not caused by Plasmodium malariae?

Tertian malaria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Plasmodium malariae is true?

It is the only species that causes quartan malaria. Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a triad of febrile paroxysm, anaemia, and splenomegaly?

Malaria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with the triad of febrile paroxysm, anaemia, and splenomegaly?

Jaundice Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves sporozoites invading host cells?

Infection Signup and view all the answers

What could be a potential additional symptom in severe cases beyond the established triad?

Severe headache Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes splenomegaly?

Enlargement of the spleen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of an obligate intracellular parasite?

It requires a host to survive and reproduce. Signup and view all the answers

Which group of animals is most commonly affected by obligate intracellular parasites?

A wide range of mammals and birds, including humans. Signup and view all the answers

What type of parasite primarily affects the intestines of humans and different animals?

Intestinal parasite. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of the relationship between obligate intracellular parasites and their hosts?

They exploit the host for survival and reproduction. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the transmission method of intestinal parasites?

Ingestion of contaminated food or water. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Endoparasites

Endoparasites live inside the host's body.
Study examines organisms living within or on other organisms (host).
Host provides nourishment and shelter.
Protozoans are unicellular.
Sarcodina (Amoeba) are studied.
Mastigophora (Flagellates) are also studied.
Sporozoa (adult stage: non-motile).
Ciliophora (Ciliates).
Nemathelminthes (Roundworms).

Exoparasites

Exoparasites live on the surface of the host.
Helminthic parasitism (multicellular parasites).
These organisms are larger and more complex than protozoans.
Platyhelminthes (flatworms):
- Cestodes (Tapeworms).
- Trematodes (Flukes).

Protozoan Parasites (Example: Amoeba)

Entamoeba histolytica: Intestinal pathogen.
Human is the single host.
Transmission via fecal-oral route (contaminated food/water).
Infective form: mature quadrinucleated cyst.
Pathogenesis varies, ranging from asymptomatic to severe dysentery.
Symptoms: amoebic dysentery (blood, mucus in stool).
Complications include peritonitis, perforation, amebic granulomas.
Extraintestinal amebiasis: liver abscesses, pleuropulmonary abscess, brain abscess.
Diagnosis methods: stool microscopy, antigen detection (ELISA), PCR.

Protozoan Parasites (Example: Naegleria fowleri)

"Brain-eating amoeba".
Found in warm freshwater sources.
Transmission: nasal contamination (swimming).
Pathogenesis: primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).
Symptoms include headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, altered taste/smell.
High mortality rate (7-14 days post-exposure).
Diagnosis: CSF microscopy, PCR, imaging.

Protozoan Parasites (Example: Acanthamoeba species)

Transmission: inhalational (aerosols), direct skin contact (eye).
Pathogenesis: granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) and keratitis.
GAE: in immunocompromised individuals.
Keratitis: in healthy individuals (trauma, contact lenses).
Diagnosis: microscopy, antibody detection, PCR.

Other Protozoan Parasites

Giardia lamblia: common intestinal parasite, causes diarrhea and malabsorption.
Trichomonas vaginalis: sexually transmitted disease.
Trypanosoma spp. (e.g., brucei): African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness); two hosts (human and tsetse fly).
Leishmania spp.: Leishmaniasis (two hosts, human and sandfly).

Protozoan Parasites (Example: Plasmodium spp)

Malaria: five species cause human infection.
Plasmodium falciparum: malignant tertian malaria.
Definitive host: female Anopheles mosquito (sexual cycle).
Intermediate host: human (asexual cycle).
Transmitted by mosquito bite.
Plasmodium falciparum possesses virulence factors.
Complications: cerebral malaria, pulmonary edema, renal failure, jaundice.
Diagnosis: microscopy (peripheral blood smear), antigen/antibody tests, PCR.

Protozoan Parasites (Example: Toxoplasma gondii)

Obligate intracellular parasite (mammals, birds).
Morphological forms: tachyzoites (acute), tissue cysts (chronic), oocysts (cats).
Transmission: undercooked meat, contaminated water/soil, cat feces, blood transfusion.
Pathogenesis: toxoplasmic encephalitis (immunocompromised), congenital toxoplasmosis.
Diagnosis: microscopy, serology, PCR.

Protozoan Parasites (Example: Cryptosporidium parvum)

Intestinal parasite (humans, animals).
Morphological forms: oocysts (infectious and diagnostic).
Transmission: ingestion of contaminated food/water, autoinfection.
Pathogenesis: watery diarrhea (mild to severe, especially in immunocompromised).
Diagnosis: microscopy, antigen detection, PCR.

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Description

Test your knowledge on endoparasites and exoparasites, focusing on their characteristics, types, and examples. This quiz covers various protozoans and helminths, including their modes of transmission and effects on hosts. Dive into the fascinating world of these parasites and understand their significance in biology.