Endoparasites and Exoparasites Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the infective form of the organism described?

  • Amoeboid form
  • Male fly
  • Mature quadrinucleated cyst (correct)
  • Female fly

Which host is primarily associated with the organism's lifecycle?

  • Wild mammals
  • Domestic animals
  • Household insects
  • Single host human (correct)

Which mode of transmission is associated with this organism?

  • Respiratory droplets
  • Vector-borne by mosquitoes
  • Feco-oral route (correct)
  • Direct contact with infected individuals

Which invertebrate host is mentioned as part of the organism's lifecycle?

<p>Tsetse fly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the feeding behavior of the tsetse fly concerning humans?

<p>Both male and female flies bite humans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom associated with chronic giardiasis?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is responsible for African trypanosomiasis?

<p>Trypanosoma brucei (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infection does chronic giardiasis cause?

<p>Chronic gastrointestinal infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least likely to be associated with African trypanosomiasis?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of worms are associated with chronic giardiasis?

<p>Flatworms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of Winterbottom's sign indicate?

<p>Infection with T. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase are trophozoites typically found?

<p>Growing phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species is primarily responsible for quartan malaria?

<p>Plasmodium malariae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of T. as suggested by the content?

<p>It is associated with Winterbottom's sign. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do trophozoites play in the life cycle of T.?

<p>They are the feeding and growing stage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the life cycle of the main human infection species mentioned?

<p>It completes both sexual and asexual stages in a single host. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is commonly associated with Winterbottom's sign?

<p>African sleeping sickness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many species are mentioned as causing human infection?

<p>Five (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of malaria is not caused by Plasmodium malariae?

<p>Tertian malaria (A), Cerebral malaria (C), Estivoautumnal malaria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Plasmodium malariae is true?

<p>It is the only species that causes quartan malaria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a triad of febrile paroxysm, anaemia, and splenomegaly?

<p>Malaria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with the triad of febrile paroxysm, anaemia, and splenomegaly?

<p>Jaundice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves sporozoites invading host cells?

<p>Infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a potential additional symptom in severe cases beyond the established triad?

<p>Severe headache (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes splenomegaly?

<p>Enlargement of the spleen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of an obligate intracellular parasite?

<p>It requires a host to survive and reproduce. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of animals is most commonly affected by obligate intracellular parasites?

<p>A wide range of mammals and birds, including humans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of parasite primarily affects the intestines of humans and different animals?

<p>Intestinal parasite. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of the relationship between obligate intracellular parasites and their hosts?

<p>They exploit the host for survival and reproduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the transmission method of intestinal parasites?

<p>Ingestion of contaminated food or water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Infective form

Mature quadrinucleated cyst

Host

Single human host

Transmission

Fecal-oral route

Vector

Tsetse fly (Glossina)

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Invasive form

Amoeboid form

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Chronic Giardiasis Symptoms

Symptoms associated with a long-lasting Giardia infection.

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African Trypanosomiasis

A disease caused by a parasite, characterized by specific symptoms. (related to parasites)

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Acute CNS Infection

A sudden, serious infection of the central nervous system.

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Flatworms

A type of parasitic worm.

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Suppurative Infection

An infection causing pus formation.

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Trophozoite

The active, feeding stage of a parasitic protozoan, like Trypanosoma brucei

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Winterbottom's sign

Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, a hallmark symptom of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei

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Trypanosoma brucei

A parasitic protozoan that causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and is transmitted by tsetse flies.

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How does Trypanosoma brucei spread?

Through the bite of an infected tsetse fly. The parasite infects the bloodstream and lymphatic system.

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What is the effect of trypanosomiasis?

Sleeping sickness is characterized by fever, headaches, and confusion. In advanced stages, it can affect the brain and lead to death.

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Obligate intracellular parasite

A parasite that needs to live inside a host cell to survive and reproduce.

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Wide range of mammals and birds

The parasite can infect many different types of animals, including humans.

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Intestinal parasite

A parasite that lives in the intestines of its host.

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Humans and other animals

The parasite can infect both humans and other animals.

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Fecal-oral route

The parasite is spread through contact with infected feces.

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Plasmodium malariae

A parasite that causes quartan malaria, a type of malaria characterized by fever every 72 hours.

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Quartan Malaria

A type of malaria caused by Plasmodium malariae, characterized by fever cycles that occur every 72 hours.

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Single host life cycle

A complete life cycle of a parasite that occurs within one host organism.

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Sexual and asexual stages

Two distinct phases of a parasite's life cycle. Sexual reproduction involves gametes (sperm and egg) while asexual reproduction involves offspring from a single parent.

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Sporozoites

The infective stage of the Plasmodium parasite, which enters the human body through the bite of a mosquito.

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Febrile Paroxysm

A sudden, intense fever that recurs in malaria. It often comes with chills, sweats, and headache.

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Anaemia

A condition where the blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to the body's tissues.

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Splenomegaly

Enlargement of the spleen, often a sign of disease fighting infection in the body.

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Malaria Triad

The defining three symptoms of malaria: febrile paroxysm, anaemia, and splenomegaly.

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Study Notes

Endoparasites

  • Endoparasites live inside the host's body.
  • Study examines organisms living within or on other organisms (host).
  • Host provides nourishment and shelter.
  • Protozoans are unicellular.
  • Sarcodina (Amoeba) are studied.
  • Mastigophora (Flagellates) are also studied.
  • Sporozoa (adult stage: non-motile).
  • Ciliophora (Ciliates).
  • Nemathelminthes (Roundworms).

Exoparasites

  • Exoparasites live on the surface of the host.
  • Helminthic parasitism (multicellular parasites).
  • These organisms are larger and more complex than protozoans.
  • Platyhelminthes (flatworms):
    • Cestodes (Tapeworms).
    • Trematodes (Flukes).

Protozoan Parasites (Example: Amoeba)

  • Entamoeba histolytica: Intestinal pathogen.
  • Human is the single host.
  • Transmission via fecal-oral route (contaminated food/water).
  • Infective form: mature quadrinucleated cyst.
  • Pathogenesis varies, ranging from asymptomatic to severe dysentery.
  • Symptoms: amoebic dysentery (blood, mucus in stool).
  • Complications include peritonitis, perforation, amebic granulomas.
  • Extraintestinal amebiasis: liver abscesses, pleuropulmonary abscess, brain abscess.
  • Diagnosis methods: stool microscopy, antigen detection (ELISA), PCR.

Protozoan Parasites (Example: Naegleria fowleri)

  • "Brain-eating amoeba".
  • Found in warm freshwater sources.
  • Transmission: nasal contamination (swimming).
  • Pathogenesis: primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).
  • Symptoms include headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, altered taste/smell.
  • High mortality rate (7-14 days post-exposure).
  • Diagnosis: CSF microscopy, PCR, imaging.

Protozoan Parasites (Example: Acanthamoeba species)

  • Transmission: inhalational (aerosols), direct skin contact (eye).
  • Pathogenesis: granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) and keratitis.
  • GAE: in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Keratitis: in healthy individuals (trauma, contact lenses).
  • Diagnosis: microscopy, antibody detection, PCR.

Other Protozoan Parasites

  • Giardia lamblia: common intestinal parasite, causes diarrhea and malabsorption.
  • Trichomonas vaginalis: sexually transmitted disease.
  • Trypanosoma spp. (e.g., brucei): African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness); two hosts (human and tsetse fly).
  • Leishmania spp.: Leishmaniasis (two hosts, human and sandfly).

Protozoan Parasites (Example: Plasmodium spp)

  • Malaria: five species cause human infection.
  • Plasmodium falciparum: malignant tertian malaria.
  • Definitive host: female Anopheles mosquito (sexual cycle).
  • Intermediate host: human (asexual cycle).
  • Transmitted by mosquito bite.
  • Plasmodium falciparum possesses virulence factors.
  • Complications: cerebral malaria, pulmonary edema, renal failure, jaundice.
  • Diagnosis: microscopy (peripheral blood smear), antigen/antibody tests, PCR.

Protozoan Parasites (Example: Toxoplasma gondii)

  • Obligate intracellular parasite (mammals, birds).
  • Morphological forms: tachyzoites (acute), tissue cysts (chronic), oocysts (cats).
  • Transmission: undercooked meat, contaminated water/soil, cat feces, blood transfusion.
  • Pathogenesis: toxoplasmic encephalitis (immunocompromised), congenital toxoplasmosis.
  • Diagnosis: microscopy, serology, PCR.

Protozoan Parasites (Example: Cryptosporidium parvum)

  • Intestinal parasite (humans, animals).
  • Morphological forms: oocysts (infectious and diagnostic).
  • Transmission: ingestion of contaminated food/water, autoinfection.
  • Pathogenesis: watery diarrhea (mild to severe, especially in immunocompromised).
  • Diagnosis: microscopy, antigen detection, PCR.

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Parasitology Summary PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on endoparasites and exoparasites, focusing on their characteristics, types, and examples. This quiz covers various protozoans and helminths, including their modes of transmission and effects on hosts. Dive into the fascinating world of these parasites and understand their significance in biology.

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