Podcast
Questions and Answers
What hormone does the Corpus Luteum secrete until it shrinks and degrades into corpus albicans?
What hormone does the Corpus Luteum secrete until it shrinks and degrades into corpus albicans?
Which hormone stimulates estradiol release from follicles?
Which hormone stimulates estradiol release from follicles?
What triggers a negative feedback loop to cause atresia of most follicles?
What triggers a negative feedback loop to cause atresia of most follicles?
What causes the corpus luteum to be maintained and Progesterone secretion to continue in case of fertilization?
What causes the corpus luteum to be maintained and Progesterone secretion to continue in case of fertilization?
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During which phase is implantation most successful according to the text?
During which phase is implantation most successful according to the text?
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Which hormone regulates the endometrial cycle through interactions with estrogen?
Which hormone regulates the endometrial cycle through interactions with estrogen?
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Which layer of the endometrium is NOT shed during menses?
Which layer of the endometrium is NOT shed during menses?
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Where does the process of Mitosis I occur in females?
Where does the process of Mitosis I occur in females?
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What triggers ovulation in the female reproductive cycle?
What triggers ovulation in the female reproductive cycle?
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What serves as an energy source for sperm mitochondria?
What serves as an energy source for sperm mitochondria?
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Which hormone predominantly secretes from the corpus luteum?
Which hormone predominantly secretes from the corpus luteum?
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When does Meiosis II occur in females?
When does Meiosis II occur in females?
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Which two hormones influence the female reproductive cycle and are secreted by the adenohypophysis?
Which two hormones influence the female reproductive cycle and are secreted by the adenohypophysis?
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Which gland secretes thick, salty fluid that lubricates the urethra and vagina?
Which gland secretes thick, salty fluid that lubricates the urethra and vagina?
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Which hormone stimulates breast milk release during lactation?
Which hormone stimulates breast milk release during lactation?
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What type of tube connects bipolar gonads to a central cavity via Mullerian & Wolffian ducts during fetal development?
What type of tube connects bipolar gonads to a central cavity via Mullerian & Wolffian ducts during fetal development?
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What is the term for the mature fertilized ovum after fertilization?
What is the term for the mature fertilized ovum after fertilization?
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What is the pH of vaginal secretions?
What is the pH of vaginal secretions?
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Study Notes
Ovarian Cycle
- Ovulating follicle ruptures and releases a primary oocyte, which then forms the corpus luteum.
- Corpus luteum secretes progesterone until it shrinks and degrades into corpus albicans.
- FSH stimulates development of a few primordial to tertiary follicles.
- LH stimulates estradiol release from follicles, and larger follicles secrete more estrogen.
- High estrogen levels trigger a negative feedback loop, causing atresia of most follicles and selecting one dominant follicle to survive.
Hormonal Regulation
- If fertilization occurs, corpus luteum is maintained and progesterone secretion continues to support implantation.
- If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum shrinks to corpus albicans and progesterone secretion ends, causing the stratum functionalis to shrink and menses to occur.
- GnRH, LH, and FSH secretion increases, causing dominant follicles to develop.
- GnRH stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the adenohypophysis.
- LH triggers ovulation, and FSH stimulates the development of follicles.
Endometrial Cycle
- The ovarian cycle regulates the endometrial cycle through estrogen and progesterone.
- The endometrial cycle ensures the suitability of the uterus for implantation of a newly formed embryo.
- The stratum basale has the same thickness throughout the reproductive cycle.
- Implantation is most successful during the secretory phase (after ovulation) because the cells are thickest there.
Menopause and Puberty
- At menopause, estrogen levels decrease drastically, and gonadotropin (LH and FSH) levels increase as a result.
- At puberty, estrogen levels increase, and gonadotropin (LH and FSH) levels decrease as a result.
Reproductive System
- The corpus luteum secretes mostly progesterone.
- The two hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis that influence the female reproductive cycle are FSH and LH.
- The thickest layer of the uterus is the myometrium.
- Ovulation is triggered by an increase in LH levels, while endometrial growth is triggered by an increase in progesterone levels.
Lactation and Breast Development
- Estrogen helps in developing the glands for lactation.
- Progesterone is involved in duct work for lactation.
- Oxytocin stimulates breast milk, while prolactin stimulates its release.
Sperm Development and Fertilization
- Spermatogenesis and oogenesis require a special form of cell division called meiosis.
- The acrosome of sperm contains enzymes needed to penetrate the egg.
- If fertilization occurs, the meiotic division of the secondary oocyte produces a second polar body, and a mature fertilized ovum called the zygote.
- Polyspermy is the penetration of an oocyte by more than one sperm.
Male Reproductive System
- Pathway of sperm: Seminiferous tubules (in the testes) → Epididymis → Ductus deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra.
- Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands secrete a thick, salty fluid that lubricates the urethra and vagina.
- Prostate glands secrete an alkaline, milky fluid.
- Fructose serves as an energy source for sperm mitochondria.
Gamete Production and Lifespan
- Females' gamete production starts at puberty and ends at menopause.
- Males' gamete production starts at puberty and ends at death.
- Mitosis I in females occurs before birth, while in males, it occurs after puberty.
- Meiosis I in females occurs after puberty, while in males, it occurs after puberty.
- Meiosis II in females occurs after fertilization, while in males, it occurs after puberty.
Fetal Development and Sex Organs
- Bipotential gonads are connected to a central cavity (cloaca) via Mullerian and Wolffian ducts.
- During fetal development, testosterone levels rise to stimulate early development of male sex organs.
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Description
Learn about the two layers of the endometrium - the functional layer (Stratum functionalis) and the basal layer (Stratum basalis) - and the hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, menopause, and the role of gonadotropins and progesterone.
