Endokrini sistem i hormoni
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Questions and Answers

Koje su osnovne razlike između endokrinih i egzokrinih žlezda?

Endokrine žlezde luče proizvode u intersticijalnu tečnost, dok egzokrine žlezde luče proizvode u kanale.

Šta čini endokrini sistem?

Sve endokrine žlezde i ćelije koje luče hormone.

Kako hipotalamus prima signale i odakle dolaze ti signali?

Hipotalamus prima signale od drugih delova tela, uključujući limbicni sistem, cerebralni korteks, talamus, retikularni aktivacioni sistem (RAS), unutrašnjih organa i retine.

Kakva je funkcionalna povezanost između hipotalamusa i adenohipofize?

<p>Postoji direktna funkcionalna povezanost</p> Signup and view all the answers

Šta je adenohipofiza i koji hormoni se luče iz nje?

<p>Adenohipofiza čini prednji rezanj hipofize i luči hormone kao što su hGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kako hipotalamus kontroliše lučenje hormona adenohipofize?

<p>Putem portalnog sistema</p> Signup and view all the answers

Šta uzrokuje promene na hipotalamusu?

<p>Bolne, stresne i emotivne situacije uzrokuju promene na hipotalamusu.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kako hormoni utiču na ciljane ćelije?

<p>Hormoni utiču samo na ćelije koje imaju receptore za određeni hormon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Koji su faktori odgovorni za regulaciju rasta putem hormona rasta (hGH)?

<p>Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Koja tvrdnja najbolje opisuje ulogu neurohipofize u regulaciji reproduktivnih sistema?

<p>Hormoni iz neurohipofize stimulišu kontrakcije materice tokom porođaja.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Koja je uloga hipotalamusa u endokrinom sistemu i zašto se klasifikuje kao endokrina žlezda?

<p>Hipotalamus je osnovni link između nervnog i endokrinog sistema. Klasifikuje se kao endokrina žlezda jer luči hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Koji su organi koji ne funkcionišu isključivo kao endokrine žlezde, ali sadrže ćelije koje luče hormone?

<p>Svi navedeni organi (jetra, bubrezi, koža, pankreas).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kako hormone iz hipotalamusa stižu do adenohipofize?

<p>Putuju hipofiznom venom preko portalnog sistema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Šta predstavlja neurohipofiza i koji hormoni se luče iz nje?

<p>Neurohipofiza čini stražnji rezanj hipofize i luči hormone oxytocin i antidiuretic hormone (ADH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kako se klasifikuju ćelije adenohipofize prema hemijskom bojenju?

<p>Basofili, acidofili, chromophobi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Koje tvrdnje tačno opisuju ulogu hipotalamusa u endokrinskom sistemu?

<p>Emotivne situacije mogu uticati na hipotalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Šta je somatotropin i koji hormon stimuliše nakon lučenja?

<p>Somatotropin (hGH ili hormon rasta) stimuliše insulin-like growth factors (IGFs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kako se hGH klasifikuje prema njegovoj ulozi u rastu tela?

<p>IGFs su stimulisani od strane hGH i igraju ključnu ulogu u rastu tela.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Koja vrsta ćelija adenohipofize ima ulogu u lučenju prolaktina?

<p>Lactotrofi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kako hipotalamus utiče na lučenje hormona adenohipofize?

<p>Posredstvom hormona koji putuju krvotokom do adenohipofize</p> Signup and view all the answers

Koji hormon utiče na proizvodnju mleka i koja je žlezda odgovorna za njegovo lučenje?

<p>Prolaktin (PRL), laktotrofi luče PRL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Koje tvrdnje tačno opisuju povezanost hipotalamusa i adenohipofize?

<p>Hipotalamus kontrolira lučenje hormona adenohipofize putem hormona koji putuju do adenohipofize.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Koji hormon adenohipofize je odgovoran za stimulaciju lučenja kortizola iz nadbubrežne žlezde?

<p>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Koja je uloga folikul-stimulišućeg hormona (FSH) kod žena i muškaraca?

<p>Kod žena stimuliše rast i zrenje oocita, kod muškaraca podstiče proizvodnju spermatozoida.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kako se klasifikuju ćelije adenohipofize prema hemijskom bojenju?

<p>Basofili, acidofili, chromophobi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kako hormoni iz neurohipofize stižu do ciljanih organa?

<p>Putuju nervnim vlaknima.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Endocrine and Exocrine Glands

  • Endocrine glands: secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, impacting distant target cells.
  • Exocrine glands: release their secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces or into body cavities.

Endocrine System

  • The endocrine system comprises all endocrine glands and their hormone secretions. This intricate network regulates numerous bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood.

### Hypothalamus

  • Signal reception: The hypothalamus receives signals from the nervous system, including sensory input and feedback from other endocrine glands.
  • Signal origin: These signals originate from various sources, such as the brain, spinal cord, and other endocrine glands.
  • Functional connection to Adenohypophysis: The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) through the release of releasing hormones.

Adenohypophysis

  • Definition: The anterior pituitary gland is a vital component of the endocrine system, responsible for the production and release of numerous hormones.
  • Hormone secretion: The adenohypophysis secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, reproductive function, and stress response. These hormones include:
    • Growth hormone (hGH): promotes growth and development.
    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.
    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): controls the production of cortisol by the adrenal glands.
    • Prolactin: responsible for milk production.
    • Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): control reproductive processes in both men and women.

Hypothalamic Control of Adenohypophysis Hormone Secretion

  • The hypothalamus releases releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones into a network of blood vessels called the hypophyseal portal system. These hormones travel directly to the adenohypophysis, stimulating or inhibiting the release of specific hormones.

Hypothalamic Changes

  • Numerous factors can trigger changes in the hypothalamus, including:
    • Stress
    • Circadian rhythms
    • Nutritional status
    • Hormone feedback from target tissues

Hormone Influence on target cells

  • Hormones reach their target cells through the bloodstream and bind to specific receptors on cell surfaces or within the cytoplasm, initiating a cascade of intracellular events that modify cell function.

Growth Hormone (hGH) Regulation

  • The growth hormone (hGH) production and release are influenced by:
    • Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH): stimulates hGH release from the adenohypophysis.
    • Somatostatin (SS): inhibits hGH release.
    • Sleep: hGH levels are elevated during sleep.
    • Exercise: hGH levels rise with physical activity.
    • Age: hGH production declines with age.

Neurohypophysis and Reproduction

  • The posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) releases oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), playing a crucial role in uterine contraction during childbirth and regulating blood pressure and water balance.

Hypothalamus and its Endocryne Role

  • The hypothalamus acts as an essential control center for the endocrine system, orchestrating the release of various hormones from the pituitary gland.
  • It is categorized as an endocrine gland because it directly secretes hormones like releasing and inhibiting hormones into the bloodstream.

Organs with Endocrine Function

  • Although not exclusively endocrine organs, several structures contain cells capable of secreting hormones:
    • Heart: releases atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), regulating blood pressure.
    • Kidney: produces erythropoietin (EPO), stimulating red blood cell production.
    • Gastrointestinal tract: secretes various hormones that regulate digestion.
    • Skin: produces vitamin D, essential for calcium absorption.

Hypothalamic Hormone Transport

  • Hormones from the hypothalamus travel through the hypophyseal portal system, directly reaching the adenohypophysis, enabling rapid and efficient control of hormone release.

Neurohypophysis

  • The neurohypophysis is an extension of the hypothalamus, storing and releasing hormones produced by hypothalamic neurons:
    • Oxytocin: promotes uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection.
    • Vasopressin: controls water reabsorption in the kidney, leading to increased blood pressure.

Adenohypophysis Cell Classification

  • Adenohypophysis cells are classified based on histological staining properties:
    • Chromophobes: lightly staining, less active.
    • Chromophils: strongly staining, actively producing hormones.

Hypothalamic Role in Endocrine System

  • The following statements accurately describe the hypothalamus’s role:
    • It is a central regulator of the endocrine system.
    • It receives and processes signals from the nervous system.
    • It controls the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.

Somatotropin

  • Somatotropin is another name for growth hormone (hGH).
  • Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates somatotropin release from the adenohypophysis.

hGH Growth Regulation Classification

  • The classification of hGH in relation to its growth-promoting role is as follows:
    • Stimulatory hormone: Promotes cell growth and division.
    • Anabolic hormone: Increases protein synthesis.
    • Metabolic hormone: Influences carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

Prolactin-Secreting Cells

  • Lactotrophs are the cell type in the adenohypophysis responsible for prolactin secretion.

Hypothalamic Influence on Adenohypophysis

  • The hypothalamus exerts control over the adenohypophysis hormone secretion in various ways:
    • Direct hormonal control: Releasing and inhibiting hormones promote or suppress hormone production.
    • Neural stimulation: Nerve signals from the hypothalamus might trigger hormonal release from the adenohypophysis.

Milk Production Hormone

  • Prolactin stimulates milk production in the mammary glands.
  • The adenohypophysis is responsible for secreting prolactin.

Hypothalamus and Adenohypophysis Connection

  • These statements accurately describe the relationship:
    • The hypothalamus controls the adenohypophysis through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
    • The adenohypophysis secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Cortisol Stimulation

  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), secreted by the adenohypophysis, stimulates cortisol production in the adrenal glands.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Function

  • FSH plays distinct roles in men and women:
    • Women: It stimulates follicle development in ovaries and estrogen production.
    • Men: It promotes sperm production in testes.

Adenohypophysis Cell Classification

  • Cells in the adenohypophysis can be classified based on their staining properties:
    • Chromophobes: weakly staining, less active.
    • Chromophils: strongly staining, actively producing hormones.

Neurohypophyseal Hormone Transport

  • Hormones from the neurohypophysis, such as oxytocin and vasopressin, are released directly into the bloodstream. The vascular network distributes these hormones to their target organs throughout the body.

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Description

Ovaj kviz testira vaše znanje o endokrinom sistemu i hormonima. Pitanja se odnose na razlike između endokrinih i egzokrinih žlezda, organe koji luče hormone, sastav endokrinog sistema i uticaj hormona na ciljane ćelije.

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