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Questions and Answers
What characteristic of night shift workers makes them feel groggy during their shifts?
What characteristic of night shift workers makes them feel groggy during their shifts?
What role does the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) play in the body?
What role does the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) play in the body?
How is light utilized to reset the SCN in the body?
How is light utilized to reset the SCN in the body?
What genetic mutation affects the circadian rhythm of certain hamsters?
What genetic mutation affects the circadian rhythm of certain hamsters?
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What special photopigment do ganglion cells that reset the SCN contain?
What special photopigment do ganglion cells that reset the SCN contain?
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In which part of the retina are the ganglion cells that reset the SCN primarily located?
In which part of the retina are the ganglion cells that reset the SCN primarily located?
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Which genes are regulated by the SCN to control circadian rhythms in flies?
Which genes are regulated by the SCN to control circadian rhythms in flies?
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How might one's natural circadian rhythm change over time?
How might one's natural circadian rhythm change over time?
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What happens to PER and TIM concentrations throughout the day?
What happens to PER and TIM concentrations throughout the day?
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How do high levels of PER and TIM affect the genes that produce them?
How do high levels of PER and TIM affect the genes that produce them?
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What role does melatonin play in sleep regulation?
What role does melatonin play in sleep regulation?
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What is the characteristic of a coma?
What is the characteristic of a coma?
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What distinguishes a minimally conscious state from a vegetative state?
What distinguishes a minimally conscious state from a vegetative state?
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What happens to melatonin levels before bedtime?
What happens to melatonin levels before bedtime?
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How do mutations in the PER gene affect humans?
How do mutations in the PER gene affect humans?
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What is a key regulator of waking and sleeping?
What is a key regulator of waking and sleeping?
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What type of memory is characterized as memories of personal events?
What type of memory is characterized as memories of personal events?
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Which type of memory tends to remain intact in patients with amnesia?
Which type of memory tends to remain intact in patients with amnesia?
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In the context of memory, what is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?
In the context of memory, what is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?
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What finding suggests the hippocampus is crucial for declarative memory?
What finding suggests the hippocampus is crucial for declarative memory?
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What procedure is used to measure declarative memory in animals?
What procedure is used to measure declarative memory in animals?
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After interacting with different hospital workers, how did the patient with amnesia express a preference?
After interacting with different hospital workers, how did the patient with amnesia express a preference?
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What type of memory is described as the influence of a recent experience on behavior without conscious recall?
What type of memory is described as the influence of a recent experience on behavior without conscious recall?
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Which of the following best describes the memory capabilities of patients with amnesia?
Which of the following best describes the memory capabilities of patients with amnesia?
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What distinguishes the functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
What distinguishes the functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
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Which type of memory is primarily affected in retrograde amnesia?
Which type of memory is primarily affected in retrograde amnesia?
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Which term refers to the strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity?
Which term refers to the strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity?
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What is the function of the hippocampus in memory processing?
What is the function of the hippocampus in memory processing?
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What effect does long-term potentiation (LTP) have on neurons?
What effect does long-term potentiation (LTP) have on neurons?
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What is an engram?
What is an engram?
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Which type of memory is associated with the difficulty in recalling early childhood memories?
Which type of memory is associated with the difficulty in recalling early childhood memories?
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What neurological condition is characterized by the buildup of amyloid-β protein?
What neurological condition is characterized by the buildup of amyloid-β protein?
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What surgical procedure is sometimes performed on individuals with uncontrolled seizures?
What surgical procedure is sometimes performed on individuals with uncontrolled seizures?
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What is the consequence of severing the corpus callosum in epileptic patients?
What is the consequence of severing the corpus callosum in epileptic patients?
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In split-brain individuals, what happens when visual information is presented to the left visual field?
In split-brain individuals, what happens when visual information is presented to the left visual field?
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After the initial period post-surgery, how do the hemispheres of split-brain people behave?
After the initial period post-surgery, how do the hemispheres of split-brain people behave?
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Which hemisphere is better at comprehending spatial relationships according to research findings?
Which hemisphere is better at comprehending spatial relationships according to research findings?
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What characteristic of individuals with right-hemisphere damage is noted?
What characteristic of individuals with right-hemisphere damage is noted?
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How do split-brain people often perform tasks involving their hands after surgery?
How do split-brain people often perform tasks involving their hands after surgery?
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What misconception should be avoided regarding research on hemisphere dominance?
What misconception should be avoided regarding research on hemisphere dominance?
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What is a major advantage children have over adults when learning a second language?
What is a major advantage children have over adults when learning a second language?
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What happens to individuals who begin learning a second language after the age of 12?
What happens to individuals who begin learning a second language after the age of 12?
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What is a key characteristic of Broca's aphasia?
What is a key characteristic of Broca's aphasia?
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Which region of the brain is primarily associated with Broca's aphasia?
Which region of the brain is primarily associated with Broca's aphasia?
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How does early language acquisition impact the brain structure of bilingual children?
How does early language acquisition impact the brain structure of bilingual children?
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What do individuals with Broca's aphasia struggle with beyond language production?
What do individuals with Broca's aphasia struggle with beyond language production?
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What critical period concept is associated with language learning?
What critical period concept is associated with language learning?
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Which aspect of language do bilingual individuals in childhood develop, compared to monolingual peers?
Which aspect of language do bilingual individuals in childhood develop, compared to monolingual peers?
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Study Notes
Endogenous Rhythms
- Endogenous circannual rhythm: Internal calendar preparing species for annual seasonal changes.
- Endogenous circadian rhythm: Internal rhythms lasting approximately a day, regulating wakefulness and sleepiness. In humans, circadian rhythm is approximately 24 hours.
- Circadian rhythms affect many bodily functions including: eating, drinking, urination, hormone secretion, drug sensitivity, and body temperature (fluctuates around 36.7°C at night and 37.2°C in the late afternoon).
- Circadian rhythms influence mood, with average positive mood increasing from waking to late afternoon before declining towards bedtime. Most people report their happiest mood around 5pm.
Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock
- Zeitgeber: External stimulus necessary for resetting the circadian rhythm. Light is the most significant zeitgeber for terrestrial animals.
- Astronauts experience difficulty maintaining alertness and sleep-wake cycle due to artificial light cycles. Daylight savings time can impact sleep-wake cycles and create sleepiness during the day for many individuals.
- Individuals use other zeitgebers (noise, meals, etc.) for sleep-wake cycle regulation when light isn't available or reliable.
- Jet lag: Disruption of biological rhythms due to time zone crossing.
- Phase-delay: traveling West, body clock adjusts later to new schedule.
- Phase-advance: traveling East, body clock adjusts earlier to new schedule.
- Repeated adjustments of circadian rhythms can lead to increased cortisol, potentially damaging the hippocampus and affecting memory.
- Shift work: Night-shift workers often find it difficult to adjust their sleep-wake cycles, experiencing fatigue during the day or difficulties falling asleep at night.
Stages of Sleep
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Sleep: decreased responsiveness to stimuli.
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Coma: prolonged unconscious state with low brain activity.
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Vegetative state: alternating periods of sleep and awareness.
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Minimally conscious state: occasional purposeful actions and limited communication.
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Brain death: absence of brain activity.
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Electroencephalography (EEG): Records electrical brain activity, used to identify sleep stages.
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Polysomnography: Combined EEG and eye-movement recordings used to monitor sleep stages.
- Alpha waves (8–12 Hz): Relaxed wakefulness.
- Stage 1 sleep: Light sleep with irregular, jagged, low-voltage waves.
- Stage 2 sleep: Characterized by sleep spindles (12-14Hz, 0.5-second bursts) and K-complexes (high-amplitude waves).
- Stages 3 & 4 sleep (slow-wave sleep (SWS)): slow, large-amplitude waves; deep sleep characterized by slow brain waves.
- REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep: high-frequency, low-voltage waves during dreaming, muscle relaxation/paralysis.
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Paradoxical Sleep (REM Sleep): Brain is highly active, muscles are relaxed, associated with dreaming.
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Night terrors: sudden awakenings from NREM sleep, common in children, usually occurring early in the night.
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Sleepwalking: episodes of walking during NREM sleep, more prevalent in children.
Sleep and Energy Conservation
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Sleep plays a role in conserving energy, particularly important for animals during times of food shortage, like hibernation.
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Some species never sleep (e.g., dolphins after giving birth, certain fish).
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Animals can increase sleep during food shortages.
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Animals vary in sleep habits depending on daily challenges (i.e., predation, food availability).
Sleep and Memory
- Sleep improves memory consolidation by strengthening some neural pathways and enhancing memory storage.
- REM Sleep appears to be involved in consolidating emotional and declarative memories.
Neurocognitive Hypothesis (Dreaming)
- Sensory stimulation, either internal or external, stimulates parts of the parietal, occipital, and temporal cortex during sleep. Visual information overrides stimulation and lack of prefrontal cortex censorship allows these perceptions to evolve into hallucinations (i.e dreams).
Key terms
- Sleep, Coma, Vegetative State, Minimally Conscious State, Brain Death, EEG, Polysomnography, Alpha Waves , Stage 1 Sleep, Stage 2 Sleep, SWS, REM, Night terrors, Sleepwalking, and other defined terms.
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Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of endogenous rhythms, including circadian and circannual rhythms, and their impact on our daily lives. Learn how external stimuli, known as zeitgebers, play a crucial role in resetting our biological clocks. This quiz will test your knowledge on the effects of these rhythms on sleep, mood, and bodily functions.
