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Questions and Answers
What type of stress is described as forces pulling in opposite directions?
What type of stress is described as forces pulling in opposite directions?
Which stress type is associated with rock folding and thickening?
Which stress type is associated with rock folding and thickening?
Which type of deformation is most commonly associated with convergent plate boundaries?
Which type of deformation is most commonly associated with convergent plate boundaries?
What results from shear stress in rocks?
What results from shear stress in rocks?
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What is strain in rocks primarily a result of?
What is strain in rocks primarily a result of?
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What are anticlines and why are they significant in oil geology?
What are anticlines and why are they significant in oil geology?
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What characterizes a syncline?
What characterizes a syncline?
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Which process explains the continuous renewal of oceanic crust?
Which process explains the continuous renewal of oceanic crust?
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Who proposed the theory of seafloor spreading and what was discovered with its help?
Who proposed the theory of seafloor spreading and what was discovered with its help?
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What are the two possible occurrences for oceanic crust formed after a progressive spreading?
What are the two possible occurrences for oceanic crust formed after a progressive spreading?
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What type of weathering involves the breakdown of rocks without any change in their composition?
What type of weathering involves the breakdown of rocks without any change in their composition?
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Which process describes the movement of weathered rock material by the force of gravity?
Which process describes the movement of weathered rock material by the force of gravity?
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Stalagmites and stalactites are formed primarily through which process?
Stalagmites and stalactites are formed primarily through which process?
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What is the primary function of erosion in the geological processes?
What is the primary function of erosion in the geological processes?
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Which of the following best describes deposition?
Which of the following best describes deposition?
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What defines an endogenic process?
What defines an endogenic process?
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Which factor does NOT affect the intensity of a volcanic eruption?
Which factor does NOT affect the intensity of a volcanic eruption?
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What is the main reason magma rises towards the Earth's surface?
What is the main reason magma rises towards the Earth's surface?
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What does the term viscosity refer to in the context of magma?
What does the term viscosity refer to in the context of magma?
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What is primordial heat?
What is primordial heat?
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How does radioactive heat contribute to endogenic processes?
How does radioactive heat contribute to endogenic processes?
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Which of the following describes exogenic processes?
Which of the following describes exogenic processes?
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What is the fault plane in relation to earthquakes?
What is the fault plane in relation to earthquakes?
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What is the primary mechanism that causes normal faults in the Earth's crust?
What is the primary mechanism that causes normal faults in the Earth's crust?
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Which of the following describes a reverse fault?
Which of the following describes a reverse fault?
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What type of stress leads to the formation of strike-slip faults?
What type of stress leads to the formation of strike-slip faults?
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What is the shape of an anticline?
What is the shape of an anticline?
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Which geological structure is formed primarily due to compressional forces?
Which geological structure is formed primarily due to compressional forces?
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What type of fault involves two blocks moving horizontally past each other?
What type of fault involves two blocks moving horizontally past each other?
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What is a characteristic of geologic folds?
What is a characteristic of geologic folds?
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What distinguishes a monocline from other types of folds?
What distinguishes a monocline from other types of folds?
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Study Notes
Endogenic Processes
- An internal geomorphic process driven by Earth's internal energy
- Includes tectonic movements, metamorphism, seismic activities, and magmatism
- Primordial heat is leftover heat from Earth's formation
- Radioactive heat comes from the decay of radioactive elements
- Volcanism is the eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface
- Magma's viscosity (resistance to flow) depends on temperature, silica content, and dissolved water. Higher silica and lower temperature increases viscosity making magma less fluid.
- Mafic magma (low silica) is less viscous than silicic (high silica) magma
- Earthquakes are ground shaking caused by sudden movement of rock beneath the Earth's surface.
Earthquakes
- A weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by sudden movement of rock materials below the surface
- The surface where the rocks slip is called the fault plane
- Focus is the location at depth where the slip occurs
- Epicenter is the location on the surface directly above the focus
Exogenic Processes
- Occur on or near the Earth's surface, typically driven by gravity, water, wind, and organisms
- Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces or into different substances
- Physical weathering breaks rocks into pieces without changing their composition.
- Factors are: pressure, temperature changes, frost wedging, and abrasion.
- Chemical weathering involves reactions between rocks and chemicals causing changes in minerals
- Dissolution is the dissolving of rocks by acidic waters
- Hydrolysis is when minerals react with water to form new solutions
- Oxidation is when oxygen reacts with minerals, a classic example being rust.
Release of Pressure (Exfoliation)
- Pressure release can cause outside layers of a rock to crack and flake off
- Repeated expansion and contraction of water freezing in cracks causes cracks to widen and eventually the rock to break apart
Types of Stress
-
Differential stress - involves forces pulling or pushing in different directions
- Tensional stress: stretching and thinning of rocks, associated with divergent plate boundaries
- Compressional stress: pushing rocks together, thickening and folding, associated with convergent plate boundaries
- Shear stress: forces acting parallel but in opposite directions, causing blocks of rock to slide past each other, associated with transform plate boundaries
- Uniform stress - involves equal forces in all directions
Deformation of Earth's Crust
- Deformation is the process of changing the shape or volume of the crust, often caused by stress along tectonic plate margins.
- This creates important geological features.
- Geological features include folds, faults, foliations and joints.
- Folds are bends or curves in rock layers
- Faults are fractures in rock layers where movement has occurred
- Foliations are planar structures in metamorphic rocks.
- Joints are fractures in rock layers.
Stages of Deformation
- In elastic deformation, deformation is reversible.
- In ductile deformation, deformation is permanent.
- In brittle deformation (fracturing), deformation results in breakage.
Products of Deformation
- Faults: fractures in rock where movement has occurred
- Folds: bends or curves in rock layers
Types of Folding
- Anticlines are upward-arched folds.
- Synclines are downward-arched folds.
- Monoclines are step-like folds.
Types of Faults
- Normal faults: hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall (tensional stress)
- Reverse faults: hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall (compressional stress)
Seafloor Spreading
- A geologic process where new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges
- Older rocks move away from the ridge
- Proposed by Harry Hess; supported by sonar mapping of the mid-Atlantic Ridge and other evidence.
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Description
Explore the internal geomorphic processes that shape our planet, including tectonic movements, volcanism, and metamorphism. Understand the mechanics of earthquakes and their impact on the Earth's surface. This quiz will test your knowledge of these dynamic geological phenomena.
