20 Questions
What does AKAP stand for in the context of the given text?
A kinase anchoring proteins
Which protein plays a dominant role in chronotropy and inotropy in normal heart cells?
$\beta1$AR
What does an inappropriate increase in sympathetic activity lead to?
Increased heart rate
Where do A kinase anchoring proteins (AKAP) localize b AR, PKA, PDEs, and Adenylate cyclase in cardiac muscle?
T-tubules
Which receptor has a modest role in chronotropy but little role in inotropy in normal heart cells?
$\beta2$AR
What type of channels are the signaling machinery proteins localized near in cardiac muscle T-tubules?
Calcium channels
Which receptor is associated with Oxytocin?
Oxytocin OT
Which receptor is involved in signaling via Gs and Gz?
Galanin GAL2
Which receptor can activate Gq/11 and G12/13 signaling pathways?
Cannabinoid CB1
Which receptor is associated with the vasopressin V1a?
Vasopressin V1a
Which receptors are involved in endogenous/heterologous signaling?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Which receptors are associated with Gi, Gs, and Gq/11 signaling pathways?
Melanocortin MC4
Which receptors are involved in GTPγS o second messenger analysis?
Cannabinoid CB1
If a receptor can activate many signaling pathways, how is one specific signaling pathway selected?
By the specificity of the ligand binding
What is the main difference between the internalization of Class A and Class B receptors with β-arrestin?
Class A receptors interact with β-arrestin and are targeted to clathrin-coated pits for transient ERK1/2 activation, while Class B receptors are targeted to endosomes for prolonged ERK1/2 activation and GPCR degradation.
Which process does β-arrestin briefly perform in relation to the β1-adrenergic receptor (β1-AR)?
β-arrestin briefly ‘kisses’ β1-AR, locates to clathrin-coated structures at the plasma membrane, and then activates ERK1/2.
What is the role of G proteins in internalization-dependent activation mediated by Class A/B receptors?
G proteins target the endosome or Golgi after internalization, recruit the Gs protein, and induce cAMP accumulation for ERK1/2 activation.
What happens after the binding of β-arrestin in the context of Class A receptors?
β-arrestin binding is transient in endosomes and is followed by rapid recycling of the receptors back to the plasma membrane.
How is internalization-dependent ERK signaling different between Class A receptors and Class B receptors?
Class A receptors involve transient ERK signaling near the membrane, while Class B receptors involve prolonged ERK signaling in endosomes.
What is the main effect of G protein mediated internalization-dependent activation after internalization?
It results in cAMP accumulation that induces ERK1/2 activation in endosomes or Golgi.
Test your knowledge on endocytosis and barrestin signaling with this quiz. Explore the process of endosome internalization and its impact on ERK signaling by barrestin.
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