Podcast
Questions and Answers
What condition is suggested by increased thirst and weight loss in a 45-year-old man?
What condition is suggested by increased thirst and weight loss in a 45-year-old man?
Which hormonal imbalance may explain a 31-year-old female's symptoms of facial swelling, acne, and uncontrolled blood pressure?
Which hormonal imbalance may explain a 31-year-old female's symptoms of facial swelling, acne, and uncontrolled blood pressure?
What is the primary role of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in the body?
What is the primary role of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in the body?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with hypothyroidism?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with hypothyroidism?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is characterized by increased growth hormone levels resulting in enlarged hands and feet?
What condition is characterized by increased growth hormone levels resulting in enlarged hands and feet?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is most likely related to a hormonal issue in a 55-year-old male presenting with breast enlargement and erectile dysfunction?
Which symptom is most likely related to a hormonal issue in a 55-year-old male presenting with breast enlargement and erectile dysfunction?
Signup and view all the answers
What best describes the process of homeostasis in the human body?
What best describes the process of homeostasis in the human body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is indicative of hyperthyroidism?
Which symptom is indicative of hyperthyroidism?
Signup and view all the answers
What hormone is primarily released by the Zona Glomerulosa?
What hormone is primarily released by the Zona Glomerulosa?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is characterized by high blood pressure, weight gain, and a 'moon face'?
Which condition is characterized by high blood pressure, weight gain, and a 'moon face'?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of catecholamines in the body?
What is the primary role of catecholamines in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the adrenal gland is responsible for releasing cortisol?
Which part of the adrenal gland is responsible for releasing cortisol?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is associated with fatigue, weakness, and skin darkening due to hormonal deficiency?
What condition is associated with fatigue, weakness, and skin darkening due to hormonal deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which division of the adrenal gland releases adrenal androgens?
Which division of the adrenal gland releases adrenal androgens?
Signup and view all the answers
Infantile hypothyroidism is also known as which of the following?
Infantile hypothyroidism is also known as which of the following?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone acts on the cortex of the adrenal gland and is released by the pituitary gland?
Which hormone acts on the cortex of the adrenal gland and is released by the pituitary gland?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common facial feature associated with certain growth disorders?
Which of the following is a common facial feature associated with certain growth disorders?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the milk-maker hormone?
What is the primary function of the milk-maker hormone?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following indicates a potential deficiency in growth hormone levels?
Which of the following indicates a potential deficiency in growth hormone levels?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?
What is the effect of Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is characterized by the absence of ADH production?
Which condition is characterized by the absence of ADH production?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone plays a crucial role in maintaining the menstrual cycle in females?
Which hormone plays a crucial role in maintaining the menstrual cycle in females?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is predominantly noted in stunted growth conditions?
Which symptom is predominantly noted in stunted growth conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis play?
What role does the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis play?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Case Studies
-
Case 1: A 31-year-old female presented with weight gain, abnormal abdominal marks, uncontrolled blood pressure and sugar, facial swelling, acne, and easy bruising.
-
Case 2: A 35-year-old female presented with weight gain, menstrual irregularities, cold intolerance, mood swings, muscle aches, constipation, and laziness.
-
Case 3: A 45-year-old male presented with weight loss, increased skin elasticity, darkening of skin, increased thirst, hair loss, and decreased appetite.
-
Case 4: A 55-year-old male presented with headache, blurry vision, inability to see cars passing by, enlarged breasts, and erectile dysfunction.
-
Case 5: A 14-year-old boy, brought by his parents, presented with a large jaw, large hands and feet, unusually tall compared to siblings, difficulty finding shoes of appropriate size for his age, a swollen neck, dizziness, and high blood sugar levels.
Pituitary Gland
-
The pituitary gland is often called the "master gland" due to its significant role in hormonal regulation.
-
It is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
-
The pituitary gland has two main parts, the anterior and posterior pituitary.
Anterior Pituitary
- Secretes hormones which act on other glands
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Prolactin
- Gonadotrophins (FSH and LH)
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Posterior Pituitary
- Stores and releases hormones from the hypothalamus
- Oxytocin
- Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
Negative Feedback
-
Negative feedback is a process used by hormones to regulate levels in the body, maintaining homeostasis by inhibiting further secretion once a certain level is reached.
-
It maintains an average amount of substance/chemicals in the body.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
-
Controls the release of thyroid hormones.
-
Critical for metabolic functions and brain/soft tissue growth and development.
-
Important diagnostic marker for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
Thyroid Hormone (T3 & T4) - Feedback Loop
- Hypothalamus releases TRH (Thyroid Releasing Hormone)
- TRH stimulates the Anterior Pituitary to release TSH
- TSH then stimulates the Thyroid to release T3 & T4
- T3 & T4 inhibit TRH and TSH release through negative feedback
Thyroid Function Test Interpretation
-
Results from tests help determine thyroid problems (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism)
-
TSH, Free T4 and Free T3 levels are analysed.
-
Various conditions (e.g., hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, toxicosis, thyroiditis, euthyroid sick syndrome) exhibit different combinations of abnormal TSH, Free T4, and Free T3.
Hyperthyroidism
-
Elevated thyroid hormone levels
-
Symptoms include weight loss, increased appetite, heat intolerance, profuse sweating, diarrhea, hot flushes, hand tremors, fast heart rate, and bulging eyes.
-
Common causes include Graves' disease, toxic goiter, and thyroid tumors.
Hypothyroidism
-
Low thyroid hormone levels.
-
Symptoms include weight gain, decreased appetite, cold intolerance, constipation, menstrual irregularities, dry skin, fatigue, and a slow heart rate.
-
Causes include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, autoimmune thyroiditis, and thyroid adenoma.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- ACTH is a releasing hormone that acts on the adrenal cortex.
Adrenal Gland
-
Divided into two main portions: cortex and medulla.
-
The cortex is further divided into three parts: Zona Glomerulosa (releases aldosterone), Zona Fasciculata (releases cortisol), and Zona Reticularis (releases androgens).
-
The medulla releases catecholamines.
Adrenal Gland Hormones
-
Aldosterone: Maintains blood pressure and sodium levels.
-
Cortisol: A stress hormone, involved in metabolism, blood pressure, glucose regulation, inflammation, and regulating circadian rhythm.
-
Androgens (e.g., testosterone): Development of secondary sex characteristics.
-
Catecholamines: Critical for "fight-or-flight" response.
Cushing's Syndrome (Hypercortisolism)
-
High cortisol levels.
-
Symptoms include high blood pressure, uncontrolled blood sugar, abdominal stretch marks, weight gain, moon face, buffalo hump, muscle weakness, and easy bruising
Addison's Disease (Hypocortisolism)
-
Low cortisol levels.
-
Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, unintentional weight loss, loss of appetite, skin darkening, increased thirst, and low blood pressure.
Growth Hormone
- Aka Somatotropin
- Secreted by Somatotroph cells of the pituitary gland
- Involved in development of soft tissues, bones, and overall growth.
Acromegaly & Gigantism
- Acromegaly: In adults, Growth Hormone overproduction results in enlarged facial features (e.g., nose, forehead, lips, tongue, jaw), enlarged limbs, and other symptoms
- Gigantism: In children and adolescents, Growth Hormone overproduction results in excessive height.
Dwarfism
-
Low levels of Growth Hormone.
-
Characterized by slow, stunted growth and an adult height below 4 feet 10 inches.
Prolactin
-
"Milk-maker" hormone.
-
Secreted by Mammotroph cells in the pituitary gland.
-
Responsible for breast milk production.
-
Contributes to breast development in both males and females.
FSH & LH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone)
- Collectively called gonadotrophins.
- Critical for maintaining the menstrual cycle and follicle development in females.
- Essential for sperm development in males.
Oxytocin
- Released from Paraventricular nuclei.
- Responsible for "getting things out," such as milk letdown, and uterine contractions during childbirth.
- Also released during physical contact (e.g., handshaking, hugging).
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Released from SupraOptic nuclei
- Helps retain water in the body.
- Increases reabsorption of water in the kidneys.
- Critical for water balance.
Diseases Involving ADH
- High ADH levels may result from certain tumors, such as small cell lung cancer. These are typically asymptomatic.
- Low ADH levels, seen in diabetes insipidus, occur when the body does not produce enough ADH, or when ADH cannot function properly.
- Diabetes insipidus can either be caused by problems with the production of ADH (central diabetes insipidus) or when the ADH that is produced can’t effectively work on the areas it's meant to (peripheral diabetes insipidus).
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on various endocrine disorders and hormonal imbalances. This quiz covers symptoms, hormone functions, and related conditions affecting both men and women. Perfect for students interested in endocrinology or health sciences.
