Endocrinology Quiz: Pituitary Function

<p>Insufficient growth hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormone replacement therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insufficient adrenocorticotropic hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infertility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benign adenoma or hyperplasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoporosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACTH Stimulation Test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Post-Surgical Hypoparathyroidism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes elevated calcium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidney stones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenal tumors producing cortisol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperpigmentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8.5–10.2 mg/dL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary adrenal insufficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulate sodium and potassium balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compensatory PTH secretion due to low calcium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pheochromocytoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiovascular risks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hirsutism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CT/MRI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketoconazole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have female external anatomy without functional reproductive organs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess adrenal response to synthetic ACTH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormone Replacement Therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addison’s Disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 2 diabetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenalectomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypogonadism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperprolactinemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gynecomastia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pelvic pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine agonists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delirium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidepressants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Klinefelter Syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forgetfulness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperprolactinemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dysfunction due to depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testosterone therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delirium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triiodothyronine (T3) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight gain around the trunk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthetic T4 replacement therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is caused by autoimmune overstimulation of the thyroid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myxedema Coma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exophthalmos (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases blood calcium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine agonists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pituitary gland failure to produce TSH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated TSH levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methimazole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acromegaly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3-5% risk of being malignant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium influx into neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory deficits and confabulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular Fluid (ICF) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle weakness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promoting water balance and nerve impulses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid Overload (Hypervolemia) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thirst and agitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood pressure control and surgical intervention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delirium Tremens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium and vitamin D supplementation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates potassium excretion and sodium retention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of coordination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distinct neuronal changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium (Ca²⁺) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cell maturation failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leads to T cell deficiency due to thymic hypoplasia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgE (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Life-threatening bacterial infections early in life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type III (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involvement of B and T cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Butterfly rash (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infections and medications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disrupt normal fetal development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type IV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunoglobulin replacement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Embryonic death or severe malformations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate immune response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thymus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic alcohol abuse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sweat chloride test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jaundice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pancreatic necrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptom management with antidepressants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ovarian failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surgical removal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Klinefelter Syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive decline due to reduced blood flow to the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases risk of neural tube defects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe memory loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wilson’s Disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetic ketoacidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Response of 'I don’t know' during questioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenous fluids and insulin therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corrective surgeries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phlebotomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent abdominal pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chorionic villus sampling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cystic fibrosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spina bifida (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits insulin and glucagon release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune destruction of beta cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cause limb deficiencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Copper injections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large-for-gestational-age babies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradykinesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HTT gene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct kidney damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tetrabenazine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>End-stage renal disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombolysis with tPA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polycystic Kidney Disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edaravone (A), Riluzole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dysuria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased hydration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe headache (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High potassium levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'master gland' regulating many bodily functions via hormone secretion.

Insufficient production of one or more pituitary hormones.

Overproduction of pituitary hormones.

Abnormal growths in the pituitary gland.

Pituitary hormone crucial for growth.

Excess GH in adults causing enlarged features.

Low ACTH causing fatigue, low blood pressure.

Low LH/FSH causing reduced sexual function/infertility.

A condition caused by excess ACTH, resulting in high cortisol levels.

A benign pituitary tumor that produces excess prolactin.

A deficiency in ADH, causing excessive water loss by the kidneys.

Overproduction of ADH, resulting in water retention and low sodium.

The anterior part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones.

The posterior portion of the pituitary gland.

A condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones.

A condition where the thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormones.

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism, an autoimmune disorder.

Enlargement of the thyroid gland.

An autoimmune condition causing inflammation and destruction of the thyroid, leading to hypothyroidism.

A precursor thyroid hormone converted to T3.

A hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood.

A condition characterized by excessive PTH production leading to high blood calcium (hypercalcemia).

Caused by a problem within the parathyroid glands themselves, like a tumor or overgrowth.

Occurs due to other conditions like kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency, making the parathyroid glands overwork.

Long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism leading to the gland becoming independent and overproducing PTH.

A condition characterized by insufficient PTH production leading to low blood calcium (hypocalcemia).

Occurs after surgery on the thyroid or neck, potentially damaging the parathyroid glands.

Involuntary muscle spasms and cramps caused by low blood calcium.

Facial muscle twitching when tapping the facial nerve, indicating low calcium.

Hand and wrist spasm caused by inflating a blood pressure cuff, indicating low calcium.

Two small glands sitting on top of the kidneys, responsible for hormone production related to stress, metabolism, and electrolyte balance.

The outer layer of the adrenal gland producing various hormones like aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens.

A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, regulating sodium and potassium balance.

A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, controlling metabolism and stress responses.

The inner part of the adrenal gland producing adrenaline and noradrenaline, crucial for the fight-or-flight response.

A rare adrenal medulla tumor that produces excessive catecholamines, leading to sudden and severe hypertension, rapid heart rate, sweating, headaches, anxiety, and weight loss.

Hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) produced by the adrenal medulla.

Sudden and severe episodes of high blood pressure, often associated with pheochromocytoma.

Breakdown products of catecholamines, elevated in the blood and urine of patients with pheochromocytoma.

Surgical removal of the adrenal gland, a common treatment for pheochromocytoma.

Premature ovarian failure where ovaries stop working before age 40, causing low estrogen levels and irregular or absent menstruation.

The process of egg maturation and release during ovulation.

Treatment that restores estrogen levels to alleviate symptoms of primary ovarian insufficiency and menopause.

A hormonal disorder with multiple ovarian cysts, high androgen levels, and irregular menstrual cycles.

Excess hair growth, a common symptom of PCOS.

A medication used to improve insulin sensitivity in PCOS.

Natural cessation of ovarian function around age 50, causing reduced hormone production and menopausal symptoms.

Treatment that restores testosterone levels in hypogonadism.

An event where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, causing damage to brain cells.

Caused by a blood clot obstructing a blood vessel in the brain.

Caused by a bleeding vessel in the brain.

A chain of events triggered when blood flow to brain cells is interrupted, leading to cell death.

Areas of brain tissue damage that occur where major cerebral arteries meet, due to limited blood flow.

A severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome characterized by tremors, hallucinations, and agitation.

Difficulty speaking or understanding language.

A subtype of frontotemporal dementia characterized by specific neuronal changes in the brain.

Protein aggregates found in the brain, associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Involuntary, rapid, and irregular movements often seen in Huntington's disease.

Making up memories to fill in gaps caused by amnesia.

Fluid inside cells, making up about 60% of total body water.

Fluid outside cells, containing interstitial fluid, plasma, and transcellular fluid.

A condition caused by excessive fluid loss or insufficient fluid intake.

Excessive fluid retention in the body leading to increased blood volume.

The body's first line of defense against pathogens, providing a rapid but nonspecific response.

A slower but highly specific immune response, involving lymphocytes like B and T cells, providing long-term protection.

A congenital disorder caused by genetic mutations, resulting in a weakened immune system.

An acquired weakened immune system due to external factors like infections, medications, or diseases.

The immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.

An overly strong immune response, leading to tissue damage.

Immediate allergic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies.

Antibody-mediated destruction of cells.

Immune complex deposition in tissues causing inflammation.

Delayed immune response mediated by T cells.

An environmental agent that can cause birth defects.

The most vulnerable stage of fetal development, when organ formation occurs.

A condition where the body is unable to respond to male hormones (androgens), leading to a range of physical characteristics from female-like to partial male development.

A chromosomal condition in males where they have an extra X chromosome (XXY), resulting in lower testosterone levels and various symptoms like tall stature, reduced muscle mass, and fertility issues.

An imbalance where prolactin levels in the body are abnormally high, affecting testosterone production and male reproductive function.

A condition where the testicles themselves are unable to produce enough testosterone or sperm, leading to infertility and other symptoms.

A condition where the hypothalamus or pituitary gland is not functioning properly, disrupting the production of testosterone.

Refers to the mental processes involved in thinking, learning, remembering, and understanding information.

A condition characterized by subtle cognitive decline that is more pronounced than normal aging but not severe enough to be classified as dementia.

A sudden and fluctuating disturbance in attention, awareness, and cognition, often caused by underlying medical conditions or substance withdrawal.

Cognitive dysfunction that appears as dementia but is actually caused by underlying psychological conditions like depression.

A condition causing cognitive decline, gait problems, and urinary incontinence due to excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain.

A progressive brain disorder causing memory loss, language issues, and impaired thinking, gradually worsening over time.

A condition caused by multiple small strokes damaging the brain, leading to cognitive decline and memory issues.

A brain disorder involving clumps of proteins (Lewy bodies) in the brain, leading to cognitive fluctuations, hallucinations, and movement issues.

A type of dementia impacting the frontal and temporal lobes, primarily affecting personality, behavior, and language.

A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that can lead to dementia, characterized by tremors, rigidity, and movement difficulties.

An inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms.

A movement disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain.

Shaking that occurs when the body is at rest, a common symptom of Parkinson's Disease.

Slowness of movement, a key symptom of Parkinson's Disease.

A progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons, causing muscle weakness, atrophy, and eventually paralysis.

A clot-busting medication used to treat ischemic stroke within a limited time frame.

Sudden loss of kidney function causing a buildup of waste products in the blood.

Gradual loss of kidney function over time, often irreversible.

The filtering unit within the nephron of the kidney, responsible for removing waste from blood.

The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

An infection anywhere in the urinary tract, typically caused by bacteria.

Solid, crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract, often causing pain.

A viral infection that can lead to serious birth defects, including cataracts, microcephaly, and heart defects.

A parasitic infection often contracted through contact with cat feces or undercooked meat, which can cause brain damage in developing fetuses, like hydrocephalus (excess fluid in the brain) and intracranial calcifications (calcium deposits in the brain).

A viral infection, commonly known as chickenpox, that can cause limb defects (like missing limbs or webbing) and scarring in babies if contracted during pregnancy.

High body temperature, often caused by prolonged exposure to heat, can lead to neural tube defects (issues with spinal cord development), a serious birth defect.

Exposure to radiation, even in small amounts, can cause birth defects, such as microcephaly (small head) and intellectual disabilities.

Uncontrolled diabetes in pregnant women increases the risk of birth defects, including neural tube defects and congenital heart defects.

A genetic disorder where the body can't properly break down phenylalanine, an amino acid. Without proper management, it can lead to microcephaly (small head) and intellectual disabilities.

A group of birth defects that occur when the neural tube, a structure that develops into the brain and spinal cord, does not close completely during pregnancy. Common examples include spina bifida and anencephaly.

Birth defects involving incomplete closure of the lip and/or palate, resulting in a gap or split.

Birth defects where a limb is missing or not fully formed, such as clubfoot.

Birth defects affecting the heart's structure or function, examples include tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries.

Birth defects involving the digestive system, such as esophageal atresia, where the esophagus doesn't fully connect to the stomach.

Birth defects affecting the reproductive and urinary systems, like renal agenesis, where a kidney is absent.

A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in characteristic physical and mental features.

A genetic disorder affecting females caused by the absence of one X chromosome, leading to short stature, ovarian failure, and cardiovascular defects.

A genetic disorder affecting males characterized by an extra X chromosome, resulting in hypogonadism (reduced male hormones), reduced muscle mass, and infertility.

Progressive damage to the pancreas, often due to repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis, leading to irreversible changes.

Alcohol abuse, genetic predisposition (e.g., cystic fibrosis), and autoimmune diseases are common causes.

Persistent abdominal pain, fatty stools (steatorrhea) due to malabsorption, weight loss, and diabetes.

A genetic disorder affecting exocrine glands, like the pancreas, causing thick mucus build-up and blockage.

Pancreatic insufficiency (malabsorption, steatorrhea), recurrent lung infections, poor growth, and vitamin deficiencies.

Abnormal growth within the pancreas that can be benign or malignant.

The most common and aggressive pancreatic tumor, leading to jaundice, weight loss, and abdominal pain.

A benign tumor in the pancreas that causes too much insulin, leading to low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).

The most common form of dementia, causing progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes.

Dementia caused by protein deposits called Lewy bodies, leading to fluctuating cognition, hallucinations, and Parkinsonism.

Dementia affecting the frontal and temporal lobes, leading to personality and behavior changes, and language issues.