Endocrinology Quiz on Prolactin and Diabetes

A benign tumor of the pituitary gland that produces high levels of prolactin.

A condition characterized by high levels of prolactin in the blood, often leading to breast milk production (galactorrhea) and irregular periods.

High prolactin levels can occur due to a prolactinoma, hypothyroidism, certain medications, or other conditions.

Symptoms include decreased sex drive, decreased sperm production, impotence, and breast enlargement. It does not include milk production, despite breast enlargement.

Prolactin is a hormone primarily responsible for milk production.

Stimulates the growth of breast tissue and milk production.

Prolactin secretion is mainly regulated by dopamine, a neurotransmitter that inhibits prolactin release. High levels of dopamine decrease prolactin, while low dopamine increases prolactin.

Antidepressants, antipsychotics, some antihypertensives, and prokinetics are common medications that can increase prolactin levels.

A hormone primarily produced by the anterior pituitary gland, it plays a key role in breast development and milk production.

The hypothalamus regulates the secretion of prolactin by releasing dopamine, which acts as an inhibitor.

Increased levels of Prolactin in the blood, occurring due to various causes including pregnancy, medications, or tumors.

A type of tumor in the pituitary gland that secretes large amounts of prolactin leading to Hyperprolactinemia

Commonly observed in women with hyperprolactinemia, characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, difficulty conceiving, and milk production even without pregnancy.

In men, hyperprolactinemia often causes reduced testosterone levels leading to decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and low sperm count.

A benign, noncancerous tumor that causes hyperprolactinemia.

A condition where the cause of hyperprolactinemia remains unidentified despite thorough investigation.

The kidneys are essential for filtering waste products from the blood, maintaining fluid balance, and regulating electrolytes.

Hypocalcemia is a condition where the blood calcium level is lower than normal.

Vitamin D deficiency can lead to hypocalcemia because vitamin D is crucial for calcium absorption in the gut.

Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to effectively filter waste and regulate fluids.

Acute kidney failure is a sudden onset that can be potentially reversible.

Chronic kidney failure progresses slowly over time and can lead to permanent damage.

The liver is the largest gland in the body, responsible for diverse metabolic functions, detoxification, and bile production.

Liver failure is a serious condition where the liver cannot perform its functions adequately.

A hormone produced by the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown and glucose release from the liver. It's secreted during fasting when blood glucose levels are low.

A hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake, oxidation, and storage in peripheral tissues. It's secreted after eating when blood glucose levels are high.

A condition characterized by too much urine production, often due to a lack of ADH. Patients experience frequent urination (polyuria) and excessive thirst (polydipsia).

The single most important effect of ADH is to conserve body water by reducing urine output. This is achieved by promoting water reabsorption back into the circulation at the kidneys.

A chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to either insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that destroys insulin-producing cells, while Type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance.

A rare condition where glucose is excreted in the urine despite normal blood glucose levels. This is due to a defect in the renal tubules, leading to a lowered renal threshold for glucose.

A cyclic polypeptide hormone containing 8 amino acids. It is synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported down the axons to the posterior pituitary for secretion.

ADH is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It is synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where it's released into the bloodstream.

A condition characterized by excessive thirst and urination, caused by a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production or the inability of the kidneys to respond to ADH.

The process of regulating ADH secretion is primarily driven by blood plasma osmolarity. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect changes in osmolarity and trigger ADH release when osmolarity increases, signaling the need for water reabsorption.

A type of diabetes insipidus caused by a deficiency in ADH production by the posterior pituitary gland.

A type of diabetes insipidus caused by the kidneys' inability to respond to ADH, leading to decreased water reabsorption.

A test used to diagnose diabetes insipidus. The patient is deprived of water, and their urine output is monitored. Normal individuals will respond by releasing ADH, reducing urine output. In diabetes insipidus, this response is absent, leading to continued urine production.

A highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus.

Symptoms of Hepatitis A, including fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, clay-colored stools, and jaundice.

Hepatitis A symptoms typically appear several weeks after infection. However, not everyone infected with the virus develops symptoms.

A test that measures the level of growth hormone (GH) in the blood before and after drinking a sugar (glucose) solution. People without acromegaly typically show a decrease in GH levels after glucose intake, while those with acromegaly maintain high GH levels.

A condition caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the blood, characterized by a yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes.

A type of jaundice caused by increased bilirubin production due to red blood cell breakdown (hemolysis).

A type of jaundice occurring when the liver cannot process bilirubin effectively due to liver disease.

A type of jaundice caused by blocked bile ducts, preventing the excretion of bilirubin.

A mild form of jaundice common in newborns, usually resolving spontaneously within a week or two.

An increased level of serum phosphate, often found in people with acromegaly.

A medical imaging technique that uses X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the body, often used as an alternative to MRI.