Endocrinology and Hyponatremia Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the major determinant of ECF serum osmolality?

Plasma proteins
Sodium ions (correct)
Bicarbonate ions
Chloride ions

What is the normal range for ECF (plasma) osmolarity?

300-325 mOsm/Kg
350-375 mOsm/Kg
125-150 mOsm/Kg
275-290 mOsm/Kg (correct)

What is the formula for calculating effective ECF (plasma) osmolarity?

Plasma [Na+]mEq/L + Serum Glucose (mg/dL)/18 + Serum BUN(mg/dL)/2.8
2 Plasma [Na+]mEq/L + Serum Glucose (mg/dL)/2.8 + Serum BUN(mg/dL)/18
2 Plasma [Na+]mEq/L + Serum Glucose (mg/dL)/18 + Serum BUN(mg/dL)/2.8 (correct)
Plasma [Na+]mEq/L + Serum Glucose (mg/dL)/2.8 + Serum BUN(mg/dL)/18

What is the normal range for the osmolar gap?

0-10 mOsm/Kg (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical urine sodium concentration in patients with renal etiology hyponatremia?

20 mEq/L (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of euvolemic hyponatremia?

Inappropriate ADH release (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT a common cause of volume-depleted hyponatremia?

Excessive water intake (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of tall stature in children, presenting with a normal bone age and no dysmorphic features?

Familial Tall Stature (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these syndromes is associated with an increased risk of Wilms tumor?

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions is NOT typically associated with advanced bone age?

Familial Tall Stature (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions is associated with normal adult height?

Sotos Syndrome (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome for bone age in a child with precocious puberty?

Advanced bone age (A) Signup and view all the answers

A child with which condition is at risk of being significantly shorter than predicted as an adult?

Precocious Puberty (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions is characterized by macrocephaly?

Sotos Syndrome (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition primarily affects growth in infancy and early childhood?

Sotos Syndrome (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions is NOT typically associated with a birth weight greater than the 90th percentile?

Familial Tall Stature (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions is associated with a transient increase in height when the child is hyperthyroid?

Hyperthyroidism (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts?

To synthesize and lay down organic bone matrix (osteoid) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between osteoblasts and osteocytes?

Osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes as bone formation progresses. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT directly involved in regulating the activity of osteoclasts?

Growth hormone (GH) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteocytes within the bone matrix?

To detect mechanical forces and initiate bone remodeling (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of estrogen in bone metabolism?

Estrogen promotes the secretion of osteoprotegerin, protecting bone from excessive resorption. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first-line treatment for Cushing's Disease?

Surgical treatment (transsphenoidal stereoscopic hypophysectomy) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Ectopic Cushing's Syndrome?

Suppression with high dose dexamethasone (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common type of congenital adrenal insufficiency?

21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign or lab finding associated with Hyperaldosteronism?

Hypokalemia (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency?

After exogenous glucocorticoids (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a hallmark of Addison's Disease (Primary Adrenal Insufficiency)?

Hyperkalemia (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential treatment for Primary Adrenal Insufficiency?

IV Hydrocortisone (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key feature of Conn's Syndrome?

Unilateral adrenal adenoma (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark characteristic of Cushing's Disease diagnosis?

Non-suppression with low dose dexamethasone (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign or symptom associated with Adrenal Insufficiency?

Salt craving (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is not a potential cause of panhypopituitarism?

Hyperthyroidism (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism behind the development of fasting hypoglycemia in adrenal insufficiency?

Decreased gluconeogenesis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hematological findings is commonly observed in patients with adrenal insufficiency?

Eosinophilia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most reliable indicator of primary adrenal insufficiency?

Elevated plasma ACTH levels (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of secondary adrenal insufficiency compared to primary adrenal insufficiency?

Normal plasma aldosterone levels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism behind hyponatremia in secondary adrenal insufficiency?

Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following laboratory tests is typically considered the GOLD STANDARD for evaluating adrenal insufficiency?

Rapid ACTH stimulation test (COSYNTROPIN TEST) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about the clinical manifestations of adrenal insufficiency?

Hypokalemia is a common finding (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying mechanism behind the weight loss observed in adrenal insufficiency?

Increased energy expenditure (C) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plasma Proteins

Proteins restricted to the vascular compartment; act as effective osmoles.

Effective ECF Osmolarity

Concentration of solutes in the ECF, primarily determined by sodium ions.