Endocrine System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a main physiological function of hormones?

  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Maintenance of homeostasis
  • Communication between cells (correct)

    • What hormone, produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, is responsible for stimulating the adrenal cortex to release cortisol?

  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (correct)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

    • Which of the following conditions is characterized by impaired growth due to a deficiency in growth hormone?

  • Dwarfism (correct)
  • Cushing's syndrome
  • Acromegaly
  • Hyperpituitarism

    • Which of the following factors does NOT typically influence endocrine function?

    <p>Dietary composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common general manifestation of hypopituitarism related to decreased levels of luteinizing hormone (LH)?

    <p>Impotence and defective spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected bone age in a child with pituitary dwarfism compared to their chronological age?

    <p>2 years younger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland plays a critical role in stimulating thyroid function?

    <p>Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a potential etiology of hypopituitarism related to injury?

    <p>Trauma or irradiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary active hormone in the thyroid that regulates metabolism?

    <p>T3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the presence of exophthalmos as a symptom?

    <p>Grave's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic skin condition in patients with hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Warm and moist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diagnostic findings indicates hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Low TSH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of goiter?

    <p>Non-specific thyroid gland enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation can lead to a physiological goiter?

    <p>Pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the thyroid hormone T3 NOT do?

    <p>Suppress muscle growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test would likely indicate thyroid hypofunction?

    <p>Increased levels of TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dental implication of hypopituitarism if it occurs before odontogenesis?

    <p>Microdontia and delayed shedding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dental issue is commonly associated with acromegaly?

    <p>Teeth spacing and food impaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is NOT commonly associated with hyperpituitarism in adults?

    <p>Delayed eruption of teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the management protocol for hypopituitary coma?

    <p>Administer 200 mg hydrocortisone sodium succinate I.V.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is related to hypercalcemia associated with hyperpituitarism?

    <p>Cardiomegaly and hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dental implication can occur as a result of hypercementosis in acromegaly?

    <p>Difficulty in teeth extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may be precipitated by stress, surgery, or trauma in relation to hypopituitarism?

    <p>Hypopituitary coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common oral feature observed in individuals with acromegaly?

    <p>Macrognathia and enlarged tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with thyrotoxicosis?

    <p>Growth retardation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key dental implication for patients with thyrotoxicosis?

    <p>Emergency dental care is prioritized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a clinical manifestation of thyroid crisis?

    <p>Growth retardation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is recommended for managing thyroid crisis?

    <p>Hydrocortisone IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about antithyroid drugs is true?

    <p>They induce agranulocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common oral manifestation in patients with hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Osteoporosis from increased osteoclastic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypothyroidism, which symptom is typically observed in children?

    <p>Malocclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of myxedema in adults?

    <p>Macroglossia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocrine Disorders

    • Hormones are substances released from cells, circulating and affecting distant organs
    • Key functions of hormones include growth, homeostasis, and reproduction
    • The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, which in turn regulates other endocrine glands.

    Pituitary Gland

    • The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces:
      • Adreno corticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
      • Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
      • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
      • Growth hormone (GH)
      • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
      • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
      • Prolactin
    • The posterior lobe produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

    Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Cascade

    • The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, regulating other endocrine glands
    • Endocrine systems function as closed loops
    • Negative feedback regulates most endocrine functions
    • Other factors like biological clocks (light/dark cycles, menstrual cycles) play a role

    Disorders of Pituitary Gland - Hypopituitarism

    • Etiology: Congenital, infection, tumor, trauma, irradiation, or idiopathic
    • General Manifestations:
      • Impaired child growth (↓ GH)
      • Hypoadrenocorticism (↓ ACTH)
      • Hypothyroidism (↓ TSH)
      • Failure of ovulation/amenorrhea (↓ FSH)
      • Impotence/defective spermatogenesis (↓ LH)
      • Failure of lactation (↓ prolactin)
    • Growth Hormone (GH) Functions:
      • Stimulates liver to release polypeptide hormones (IGF-1)
      • Stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis, especially in muscle and bone
      • Stimulates cell growth and breakdown, particularly in muscle and bone

    Growth Hormone Deficiency (Dwarfism)

    • General Manifestations: Short stature, normal body proportions, and delayed bone age. (Bone age is usually 2+ years behind chronological age)
    • Dental Implications: Oral manifestations like abnormal growth of the jaws (microdontia, delayed shedding and eruption of teeth in some cases) can occur before or after odontogenesis (crowding and malocclusion). Risk of plaque accumulation and periodontal issues also may be present.
    • Hypopituitary Coma: Triggered by stress, surgery, infection, sedatives and trauma. Managed with hydrocortisone, dextrose, oxygen and hospital admission.

    Hyperpituitarism

    • Children (before epiphyseal closure): Gigantism. Well-proportioned but very large in size
      • Teeth: Spacing may occur
    • Adults (after epiphyseal closure): Acromegaly. Enlarged hands, feet, malar bone, supraorbital ridges, tongue (prognathism). Increased jaw and facial bone growth
      • Teeth: Spacing, food impaction, hypercementosis (increased cementum covering the teeth), tooth fracture or extraction issues.

    Thyroid Gland

    • Position & Embryology: Two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus, originates from the base of the tongue. Remnants may be found in the base of the tongue.
    • Physiological Effect of Thyroid Hormones: (T3 is the active form):
      • Regulates metabolism in all cells
      • Accelerates carbohydrate utilization and lipolysis
      • Increases oxygen consumption and heat production(BMR)
      • Essential for physical and mental development, bone growth, and protein synthesis, cardiovascular health. Affected by adrenaline
    • Disorders of Thyroid Gland (Goiter):
      • Non-specific enlargement of the thyroid gland; can be hypothyroid (endemic goiter: stimulated by TSH) or hyperthyroid

    Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)

    • Etiology: Immunologic, severe emotional trauma or infections
    • Types: Grave's disease (diffuse enlargement, exophthalmos) or Nodular goiter (less severe nodular enlargement)
    • Diagnosis: Low TSH, increased T3/T4
    • Other Diagnostic Methods: Ultrasound, CT, MRI, fine needle biopsy, and autoantibody profile.

    Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis) General Manifestations and Treatment

    • General Manifestations: Warm, moist skin, excessive sweating, increased appetite with weight loss, tremors, exophthalmos, nervousness, anxiety, tachycardia
    • Treatment: Beta-blockers to manage cardiac symptoms, anti-thyroid medications or surgery, or radioactive iodine

    Thyroid Crisis (Thyroid Storm)

    • Definition: Exaggerated manifestation of hyperthyroidism.
    • Precipitating Factors: Stress, infection, surgery, pain, trauma
    • Clinical Manifestations: Nausea, vomiting, profuse sweating, tremors, tachycardia, fever, hypotension.
    • Management: Hydrocortisone, glucose, ice packs, wet packs, fans, and antithyroid drugs or adrenergic blockers.

    Hypothyroidism

    • Includes: Cretinism (in children) and Myxedema (in adults).
    • Cretinism (Children): Growth retardation, mental retardation, delayed tooth eruption, micrognathia, macroglossia, malocclusion, puffy face, short and flat nose
    • Myxedema (Adults): Cold intolerance, decreased sweating, hair loss, dry skin, decreased appetite, weight gain, slowed reaction, bradycardia, hoarse voice, poor memory, fatigue.
    • Oral Manifestations: Facial edema, macroglossia, compromised periodontal health

    Hypothyroidism - Dental Implications

    • Myxedema Coma: Precipitated by trauma, surgery, infection or general anesthesia. Manifestations include hypothermia, hypotension, bradycardia, and epileptic seizures.
    • Management: Hospitalization, artificial respiration, and high doses of hydrocortisone.

    Disclaimer

    These notes are for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with a qualified medical professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the functions and conditions related to hormones and the endocrine system. This quiz covers various aspects of hormone production, endocrine disorders, and their physiological impacts. Challenge yourself to understand the complexities of hormonal regulation and related conditions.

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