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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the Growth Hormone (GH) released by the Anterior Pituitary?
What is the main function of the Growth Hormone (GH) released by the Anterior Pituitary?
What is the result of excess Growth Hormone (GH) in the body?
What is the result of excess Growth Hormone (GH) in the body?
Which hormone promotes the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone?
Which hormone promotes the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone?
What is the function of the Luteinizing hormone (LH) in males?
What is the function of the Luteinizing hormone (LH) in males?
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What is the function of the Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) released by the Anterior Pituitary?
What is the function of the Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) released by the Anterior Pituitary?
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What is the result of a deficiency in Growth Hormone (GH) in the body?
What is the result of a deficiency in Growth Hormone (GH) in the body?
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What is the function of the Oxytocin hormone released by the Anterior Pituitary?
What is the function of the Oxytocin hormone released by the Anterior Pituitary?
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What is the main function of the Pituitary Gland?
What is the main function of the Pituitary Gland?
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What is the name of the third lobe that extends superiorly to the isthmus in some thyroid glands?
What is the name of the third lobe that extends superiorly to the isthmus in some thyroid glands?
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What is the function of calcitonin hormone?
What is the function of calcitonin hormone?
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What is the name of the condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid and other molecules in subcutaneous tissue in adults?
What is the name of the condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid and other molecules in subcutaneous tissue in adults?
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What is the name of the disease that results from the immune system producing abnormal proteins, leading to hyperthyroidism?
What is the name of the disease that results from the immune system producing abnormal proteins, leading to hyperthyroidism?
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What is the name of the hormone that contains four iodine atoms?
What is the name of the hormone that contains four iodine atoms?
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What is the name of the condition characterized by an abnormally low rate of PTH secretion?
What is the name of the condition characterized by an abnormally low rate of PTH secretion?
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What is the name of the narrow band that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
What is the name of the narrow band that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
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What is the name of the condition characterized by an abnormally high rate of PTH secretion?
What is the name of the condition characterized by an abnormally high rate of PTH secretion?
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What is the primary function of chemical messengers in the body?
What is the primary function of chemical messengers in the body?
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What type of chemical messenger stimulates the cell that originally secreted it?
What type of chemical messenger stimulates the cell that originally secreted it?
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What is the function of the endocrine system related to reproduction?
What is the function of the endocrine system related to reproduction?
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What is the term for the study of the endocrine system?
What is the term for the study of the endocrine system?
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What is the term for glands that have ducts that carry their secretions to the outside of the body?
What is the term for glands that have ducts that carry their secretions to the outside of the body?
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What is the term for chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the bloodstream by endocrine glands or specialized cells?
What is the term for chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the bloodstream by endocrine glands or specialized cells?
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What is the characteristic of endocrine glands?
What is the characteristic of endocrine glands?
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What is the term for the site where hormones produce a response?
What is the term for the site where hormones produce a response?
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What do ovaries produce in females?
What do ovaries produce in females?
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What is the role of estrogen and progesterone in females?
What is the role of estrogen and progesterone in females?
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What hormone aids in sperm cell production in males?
What hormone aids in sperm cell production in males?
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What is the function of prostaglandins in females?
What is the function of prostaglandins in females?
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What is the function of erythropoietin?
What is the function of erythropoietin?
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What is the function of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)?
What is the function of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)?
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What is the primary function of glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol?
What is the primary function of glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol?
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What is the result of hyperaldosteronism?
What is the result of hyperaldosteronism?
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What is the function of androgens in females?
What is the function of androgens in females?
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What is the function of the thymus gland?
What is the function of the thymus gland?
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What is the location of the thymus gland?
What is the location of the thymus gland?
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What is the function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
What is the function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
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What is the location of the pineal gland?
What is the location of the pineal gland?
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What is the result of Addison's disease?
What is the result of Addison's disease?
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Study Notes
Endocrine System Principles
- Chemical messengers allow cells to communicate with each other
- Secretion is the controlled release of chemicals from a cell
Classes of Chemical Messengers
- Autocrine: stimulates the cell that originally secreted it (e.g., WBCs during infection)
- Paracrine: acts locally on nearby cells (e.g., WBCs during allergic reactions)
- Neurotransmitter: activates an adjacent cell
- Endocrine: secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells
Functions of the Endocrine System
- Metabolism
- Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
- Control of reproductive functions
- Control of food intake and digestion
- Ion regulation
- Immune system regulation
- Water balance
- Heart rate and blood pressure regulation
- Uterine contraction and milk release
- Tissue development
Characteristics of the Endocrine System
- Composed of endocrine glands and specialized cells
- Hormones are chemical messengers secreted into the blood
- Target tissues are effectors, specific sites of hormone action
- Endocrine glands are ductless, secreting products directly into the bloodstream
- Exocrine glands have ducts that carry their secretions to the outside of the body or into a hollow organ
Hormones
- Chemical messengers secreted directly into the bloodstream by endocrine glands or specialized cells
- Travel through the bloodstream to reach target cells, producing a response
- Major link between the nervous and endocrine systems
- Termed as the endocrine control center of the brain
Anterior Pituitary
- Produces eight hormones:
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Prolactin
- Antidiuretic hormone
- GH affects body growth, protein synthesis, lipid breakdown, and blood glucose levels
- TSH promotes synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone
- ACTH increases secretion of glucocorticoid hormones and skin pigmentation
- MSH increases melanin production in melanocytes
- LH and FSH regulate ovulation, progesterone production, and sperm cell production
- Prolactin promotes breast development, milk production, and prolactin secretion
- Antidiuretic hormone conserves water, constricts blood vessels, and regulates blood pressure
Pituitary Gland
- A small gland about the size of a pea
- Controls functions of many other glands
- Secrets hormones that influence growth, kidney function, birth, and milk production
- Formerly called the "Master Gland"
- 3 portions: anterior, posterior, and intermediate lobes
Thyroid Gland
- A shield-shaped organ located inferior to the larynx
- Typically has two lobes, located laterally to the trachea
- May have a third lobe (pyramidal lobe) in 50% of cases
- Produces:
- Calcitonin: decreases bone breakdown, prevents large increases in blood Ca2+ levels
- Thyroid hormones: increase metabolic rates, essential for normal growth and development
- Thyroxine (T4): contains four iodine atoms, increases basal metabolic rate (BMR), enhances actions of catecholamines, and regulates development of nervous and bone tissues
- Triiodothyronine (T3): contains three iodine atoms
Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism: elevated rate of thyroid hormone secretion
- Hypothyroidism: lack of thyroid hormones
- Symptoms: goiter, cretinism, myxedema, Graves' disease, exophthalmia
Parathyroid Gland
- Abnormally high rate of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion: hyperparathyroidism (hypercalcemia)
- Abnormally low rate of PTH secretion: hypoparathyroidism (hypocalcemia)
- Symptoms: muscle weakness, soft bones, prone to kidney stone formation, frequent muscle cramps, tetanus, respiratory arrest
Testes and Ovaries
- Testes: produce testosterone, aid in sperm cell production, maintain functional reproductive organs, and promote secondary sexual characteristics
- Ovaries: produce estrogen and progesterone, aid in uterine and mammary gland development and function, regulate the menstrual cycle, and promote secondary sexual characteristics
Other Hormones
- Erythropoietin: acts on bone marrow to increase red blood cell production
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG): stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone
Adrenal Gland
- Adrenal cortex: produces hormones, including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens
- Glucocorticoids: regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and immune suppression
- Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolyte balance and blood pressure
- Androgens: stimulate axillary and pubic hair formation, female libido, and post-menopausal estrogen production
- Adrenal medulla: produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, regulates sympathetic nervous system activity
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Description
Learn about the principles of chemical communication, including autocrine, paracrine, neurotransmitter, and endocrine messengers. Understand how cells communicate with each other through chemical secretion.
