Endocrine System Pre-lab Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is an endocrine organ (gland)?

  • A gland that is only active during childhood
  • A gland that produces digestive enzymes
  • A ductless gland that regulates body functions (correct)
  • A gland that secretes hormones into ducts

    • Define a hormone.

    Chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands that initiate a change in a target cell.

    What are target tissues?

    Tissue that contains the cells with receptors for a particular hormone.

    What is negative feedback?

    <p>A mechanism in which a deviation in a physiological variable triggers a response that restores the variable to its set point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Releases hormones that stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary and stores ADH and oxytocin in the posterior pituitary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

    <p>Hormones that largely affect other glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

    <p>ADH and oxytocin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the thyroid gland located?

    <p>In the anteroinferior neck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do parathyroid glands secrete?

    <p>Parathyroid hormones that maintain calcium ion homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the pineal gland secrete?

    <p>Melatonin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thymus gland?

    <p>To secrete thymosin and thymopoietin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the pancreas produce?

    <p>Insulin and glucagon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adrenal cortex responsible for?

    <p>Secreting steroid hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

    <p>Epinephrine and norepinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones are antagonists?

    <p>Insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The posterior pituitary produces no hormones of its own.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin triggers actions that _____ the concentration of glucose in the blood.

    <p>lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interstitial cells within the testes produce __________.

    <p>testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is the adrenal hormone responsible for the stress response.

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parathyroid hormone triggers actions that ______ the concentration of calcium ions in the blood.

    <p>raise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus communicates with the ________________________ via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system.

    <p>Anterior pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding endocrine organ histology?

    <p>The adrenal cortex has three zones of cells that secrete steroid hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a negative feedback loop, you would expect secretion from an endocrine gland to ______________ after homeostasis has been restored.

    <p>decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

    <p>The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones into capillaries for the anterior pituitary, while axon terminals in the posterior pituitary store hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects of excess parathyroid hormone secretion?

    <p>Hypercalcemia and weakened bones, leading to bone fractures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms would be observed from a pheochromocytoma?

    <p>Elevated heart rate and blood pressure due to excessive sympathetic nervous system stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does diabetes mellitus affect blood glucose levels?

    <p>It increases the level of glucose in the blood, causing hyperglycemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a glucagonoma have on blood glucose levels?

    <p>It increases blood glucose levels through excess glucagon secretion, leading to hyperglycemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hyperthyroidism affect TSH levels?

    <p>It leads to a low level of TSH due to feedback inhibition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms arise from excess ADH secretion?

    <p>Abnormal water retention from the kidneys, leading to overhydration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocrine System Overview

    • Endocrine organs are ductless glands that maintain homeostasis through hormone secretion into the bloodstream.
    • Hormones act as chemical messengers, initiating changes in target cells containing specific receptors.

    Key Components

    • Hypothalamus: Connects endocrine and nervous systems; regulates the anterior pituitary and synthesizes ADH and oxytocin.
    • Pituitary Gland:
      • Anterior Pituitary: Secretes hormones that regulate other glands, significantly influenced by hypothalamic hormones.
      • Posterior Pituitary: Stores and releases hormones (ADH and oxytocin) produced in the hypothalamus.
    • Thyroid Gland: Produces thyroid hormones (T3, T4) and calcitonin, crucial for metabolism and calcium homeostasis.
    • Parathyroid Glands: Release parathyroid hormone for calcium regulation in the blood.

    Other Endocrine Glands

    • Pineal Gland: Produces melatonin in response to light, regulating circadian rhythms.
    • Thymus Gland: Produces thymosin, especially active in childhood, relevant for immune function.
    • Pancreas: Functions as both an endocrine (insulin and glucagon) and exocrine gland (digestive enzymes).
    • Adrenal Gland:
      • Cortex: Produces steroid hormones (aldosterone, cortisol) involved in metabolism and stress response.
      • Medulla: Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, mediating fight-or-flight responses.
    • Ovaries & Testes: Responsible for producing sex hormones (estrogens, progesterone, testosterone) affecting reproduction.

    Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

    • Negative Feedback: Restores physiological variables to set points; response diminishes once balance is achieved.
    • Hormonal interactions often involve antagonist pairs, like insulin and glucagon, which have opposing effects on blood glucose levels.

    Pathologies & Hormonal Dysregulation

    • Diabetes Mellitus: Results from insufficient insulin or target cell insensitivity, raising blood glucose levels.
    • Hyperthyroidism: Characterized by high T3 and T4 levels leading to low TSH due to negative feedback failure.
    • Tumors:
      • Pheochromocytoma: Causes excess catecholamines, resulting in elevated heart rate and blood pressure.
      • Glucagonoma: Leads to excess glucagon secretion causing hyperglycemia, similar to diabetes.

    Clinical Symptoms and Effects

    • Excess parathyroid hormone causes hypercalcemia, weakening bones.
    • Inappropriate ADH secretion results in water retention and dilutional hyponatremia (overhydration symptoms).

    By understanding these key facts and mechanisms, one gains a clearer picture of the endocrine system's operations, its components, and the implications of its dysfunctions.

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    Description

    This quiz features flashcards on key concepts related to the endocrine system, including definitions of endocrine organs, hormones, and target tissues. It's a helpful resource for students preparing for labs or reviewing essential terminology surrounding endocrine functions.

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