Endocrine System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the master gland?

Pituitary Gland

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

  • Anterior pituitary and Posterior pituitary (correct)
  • Inner Medulla and Outer Cortex
  • Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
  • Alpha cells, Beta cells, Delta cells

    • What does the anterior pituitary secrete?

    Growth Hormones (GH) or Somatotropin, Prolactin (Mammotropic, Lactotropic, Luteotropic), Gonadotropic hormones (LH & FSH), Thyrotropic hormone (TSH), Andrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)

    What does the thyroid secrete?

    <p>Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyrocalcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two regions of the adrenal gland?

    <p>Inner Medulla and Outer Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the inner medulla secrete?

    <p>Catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the outer cortex secrete?

    <p>Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major cell types in the pancreas?

    <p>Alpha cells, Beta cells, and Delta cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the alpha cell secrete?

    <p>Glucagon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the beta cells secrete?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary reproductive organs?

    <p>The testes in males and the ovaries in the females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thyroid is located in the neck, close to the trachea.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main causes of ADH insufficiency (secondary diabetes insipidus)?

    <p>tumors of the hypothalamopituitary region, trauma (e.g. traumatic brain injuries), infectious process (e.g., meningitis), or vascular accidents (e.g. strokes) etc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of pituitary tumors?

    <p>Eosinophilic Tumor, Basophilic Tumor, Chromophobic Tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophilic tumor is responsible for gigantism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophilic tumor is responsible for Cushing's Syndrome

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromophobic tumors produce hormones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the other name of Grave's Disease?

    <p>Toxic diffuse goiter or Exophthalmic goiter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grave's Disease is more common in women.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main causes of Graves' disease?

    <p>Over functioning of the entire gland, Single or multiple functioning adenomas of thyroid cancer, Over treatment of myxedema with thyroid hormone, and a combination of these.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the hallmarks of Graves Disease?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid gland enlargement, Exophthalmos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grave's Disease is an autoimmune disorder.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the autoantibodies, present in the serum of 80 to 90 percent of hyperthyroid individuals, that react against thyroglobulin?

    <p>Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three major forms of Graves' disease therapy?

    <p>Antithyroid medication, Radioiodine, Surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroid Storm is caused by uncontrolled and potentially life-threatening hyperthyroidism due to sudden and excessive release of thyroid hormone into the bloodstream.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main precipitating factors of Thyroid Storm?

    <p>Stress, Infection, Unprepared thyroid surgery, and a combination of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical manifestations of Thyroid Storm?

    <p>Hyperpyrexia, Diarrhea, Dehydration, Extreme Tachycardia, Arrhythmias, Extreme Irritability, Delirium, Coma, Shock, and Death if not adequately treated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common autoimmune disease affecting the thyroid gland?

    <p>Hashimoto's thyroiditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main causes of hypothyroidism?

    <p>Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Medications, Radiation to the neck and head, Congenital defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myxedema is the term used for hypothyroidism in adults.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cretinism is the term used for hypothyroidism in infants and children.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypothyroidism can cause bone pain and tenderness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased serum calcium level is one of the hallmarks of hyperparathyroidism

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of hyperparathyroidism?

    <p>Primary hyperparathyroidism, Secondary hyperparathyroidism, and Tertiary hyperparathyroidism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In secondary hyperparathyroidism, the body produces extra parathyroid hormone because the calcium levels are too low.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Tertiary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid glands continue to produce too much parathyroid hormone, even though the calcium level is back to normal.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition when blood pH is too high, potentially associated with hyperparathyroidism?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoparathyroidism causes abnormally low blood levels of calcium and phosphorous, due to insufficient parathyroid hormone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

    <p>Tingling lips, hands, and feet, Muscle cramps, Pain in the face, legs, and feet, Abdominal pain, Dry hair, Brittle nails, Dry, scaly skin, Cataracts, Weakened tooth enamel in children, Muscle spasms (tetany), Convulsions or seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The goal of hypoparathyroidism treatment is to increase serum calcium levels to 9 to 10 mg/dl and to treat symptoms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Addison's disease?

    <p>Adrenal hormone deficiency caused by damage to the outer layer of the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common causes of Addison's disease?

    <p>Autoimmune disease, Infections, Hemorrhage, Tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low blood pressure is a common sign of Addison's disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary treatments for Addison's disease?

    <p>Restoring blood circulation and administering fluids and corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some complications that can occur with Addison's disease?

    <p>Skeletal damage, Urinary tract infection, Peptic ulcer disease, Pancreatitis, Pseudogout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cushing's disease involves excessive corticosteroid production.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cushing's disease is often associated with weight gain, buffalo hump, and skin discoloration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by increased levels of glucose in the blood resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three main types of diabetes?

    <p>Insulin-dependent diabetes (Type 1), Non-insulin dependent diabetes (Type 2), and Gestational diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gestational diabetes usually occurs during pregnancy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the hallmarks of diabetes?

    <p>Polydipsia, Polyuria, Polyphagia, Hyperglycemia, Weight loss, Blurred vision, Slow wound healing, Vaginal infections, Weakness &amp; paresthesias, Signs of inadequate feet circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exercise is an important part of managing diabetes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the common oral hypoglycemic agents?

    <p>Chlorpropamide, Tolbutamide, Glimepinide, Acetohexamide, Repaglinide, Rosiglitazone, Metformin, Precose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoglycemia is a condition of low blood sugar.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common signs of hypoglycemia?

    <p>Sweating, Tremor, Tachycardia, Palpitations, Nervousness, Hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Simple carbohydrates can quickly raise blood sugar levels in a hypoglycemic event.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious diabetic complication marked by hyperglycemia, dehydration, and acidosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HHNS), a metabolic disorder of type 2 diabetes, results from a relative insulin deficiency initiated by an illness that raises the demand for insulin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four chronic complications of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Peripheral Neuropathies, Retinopathy, Nephropathy, and Macrovascular disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocrine System

    • Composed of hormone-secreting glands
    • Regulates vital functions like:
      • Stress and injury response
      • Growth and development
      • Reproduction
      • Ionic homeostasis
      • Energy metabolism

    Pituitary Gland

    • Also known as the hypophysis, the master gland
    • Two parts:
      • Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis): secretes
        • Growth hormone (GH) or Somatotropin
        • Prolactin (Mammotropic, Lactotropic, Luteotropic)
        • Gonadotropic hormones (LH & FSH)
        • Thyrotropic hormone (TSH)
        • Adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)
      • Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis): secretes
        • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
        • Oxytocin
        • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

    Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

    • Thyroid gland: butterfly-shaped in the neck
      • Secretes thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyrocalcitonin
    • Parathyroid glands: small, located beside the thyroid
      • Secretes parathormone (PTH)

    Adrenal Glands

    • Two adrenal glands, located above the kidneys
    • Two regions:
      • Inner medulla: Source of epinephrine and norepinephrine
      • Outer cortex: Secretes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
      • Adrenal cortex: secretes
        • Glucocorticoids
        • Mineralocorticoids
        • Androgens
      • Adrenal medulla: secretes
        • Epinephrine (adrenaline)

    Pancreas

    • Elongated organ near the small intestine
    • Endocrine pancreas: cells that synthesize and secrete hormones
    • Islets of Langerhans: small clusters of cells that produce hormones
    • Three major cell types:
      • Alpha cells (A cells): secrete glucagon
      • Beta cells (B cells): produce insulin and amylin
      • Delta cells (D cells): secrete somatostatin

    Ovaries and Testes

    • Gonads: primary reproductive organs
    • Testes in males, ovaries in females
    • Produce gametes (sperm and ova) and hormones

    Hyperthyroidism

    • Over-secretion of thyroid hormones
    • Types: Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, thyroiditis
    • Symptoms: weight loss, nervousness, heat intolerance, increased sweating, rapid heartbeat
    • Treatment: Antithyroid medications, Radioactive iodine therapy, Surgery

    Hypothyroidism

    • Under-secretion of thyroid hormones
    • Symptoms: fatigue, cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain, depression, brittle nails

    Diabetes Insipidus

    • Disorder of posterior pituitary
    • Deficiency of ADH (vasopressin)
    • Symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia, low urine specific gravity.
    • Treatment: Desmopressin (DDAVP)

    SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone)

    • Excessive ADH secretion
    • Symptoms: fluid retention, hyponatremia, headache, confusion
    • Treatment: fluid restriction, medications to increase urine output

    Hyperparathyroidism

    • Overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
    • Symptoms: increased calcium levels, bone pain, kidney stones, fatigue
    • Treatment: Surgery, medications

    Hypoparathyroidism

    • Insufficient parathyroid hormone (PTH) production
    • Symptoms: low calcium levels, muscle cramps, numbness, tingling
    • Treatment: calcium and vitamin D supplements

    Addison's Disease

    • Adrenal cortex insufficiency
    • Symptoms: fatigue, weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure, increased pigmentation
    • Treatment: hormone replacement therapy

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    Description

    Dive into the intricate world of the endocrine system, the network of hormone-secreting glands that regulate essential bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Explore the roles of key glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and parathyroid, and understand how they contribute to homeostasis.

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