Endocrine System Overview

Osteoclasts mediate bone resorption by breaking down the bone matrix, while osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation by laying down new organic minerals.

Vitamin D is converted into calcitriol in the kidneys, which helps with the reabsorption of calcium, strengthening bones.

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells resulting in no insulin production, while Type 2 diabetes involves insufficient insulin production and cellular insulin resistance, often related to obesity.

<p>Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, slow healing cuts, and blurred vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptide hormones are water-soluble and have their receptors on the cell surface, while steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and have their receptors in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hypothalamus links the brain to the endocrine system and produces hormones that regulate bodily functions and the pituitary gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptide hormones cannot be given orally because they are broken down in the gastrointestinal tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eicosanoids are paracrine signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids that play crucial roles in local cell communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP, which is a secondary messenger that activates protein kinases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol, which is lipid-soluble, allowing them to easily diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADH and oxytocin are released by the posterior pituitary, which releases hormones made in the hypothalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The adrenal cortex releases steroid hormones, including mineralocorticoids (like aldosterone), glucocorticoids (like cortisol), and androgens (like DHEA, testosterone, and estradiol).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release steroid hormones, particularly during the body’s stress response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback stops hormone release to return levels to normal, maintaining homeostasis within the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid hormone synthesis is influenced by iodine and sodium, which enter the follicular space and undergo various transformations to become T3 and T4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T3 increases the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, enhances oxygen demand, and elevates heat production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism is associated with the thyroid gland, while secondary forms originate from dysfunction in the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid hormone increases heart rate and cardiac output, but also raises the risk of irregular heartbeat.</p> Signup and view all the answers