Endocrine System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What role do osteoclasts and osteoblasts play in bone health?

Osteoclasts mediate bone resorption by breaking down the bone matrix, while osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation by laying down new organic minerals.

How does vitamin D contribute to calcium absorption and bone strength?

Vitamin D is converted into calcitriol in the kidneys, which helps with the reabsorption of calcium, strengthening bones.

What are the key differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells resulting in no insulin production, while Type 2 diabetes involves insufficient insulin production and cellular insulin resistance, often related to obesity.

What symptoms are commonly associated with hyperglycemia?

<p>Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, slow healing cuts, and blurred vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes peptide hormones from steroid hormones in terms of their solubility and receptor location?

<p>Peptide hormones are water-soluble and have their receptors on the cell surface, while steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and have their receptors in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

<p>The hypothalamus links the brain to the endocrine system and produces hormones that regulate bodily functions and the pituitary gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can't peptide hormones be administered orally?

<p>Peptide hormones cannot be given orally because they are broken down in the gastrointestinal tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of eicosanoids in the endocrine system?

<p>Eicosanoids are paracrine signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids that play crucial roles in local cell communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of adenylyl cyclase in the action of water-soluble hormones.

<p>Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP, which is a secondary messenger that activates protein kinases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of steroid hormones allow them to easily cross the plasma membrane?

<p>Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol, which is lipid-soluble, allowing them to easily diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary, and what is their source?

<p>ADH and oxytocin are released by the posterior pituitary, which releases hormones made in the hypothalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the primary hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex and their types.

<p>The adrenal cortex releases steroid hormones, including mineralocorticoids (like aldosterone), glucocorticoids (like cortisol), and androgens (like DHEA, testosterone, and estradiol).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ACTH in the adrenal cortex?

<p>ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release steroid hormones, particularly during the body’s stress response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does negative feedback influence hormone regulation in the endocrine system?

<p>Negative feedback stops hormone release to return levels to normal, maintaining homeostasis within the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors affect the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones?

<p>Thyroid hormone synthesis is influenced by iodine and sodium, which enter the follicular space and undergo various transformations to become T3 and T4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the physiological effects of T3 on metabolism.

<p>T3 increases the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, enhances oxygen demand, and elevates heat production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes primary from secondary hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism?

<p>Primary hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism is associated with the thyroid gland, while secondary forms originate from dysfunction in the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the thyroid hormone impact cardiovascular health?

<p>Thyroid hormone increases heart rate and cardiac output, but also raises the risk of irregular heartbeat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cortical Bone

A dense and hard type of bone tissue found in the outer layer of bones.

Trabecular Bone

A lighter and spongy type of bone tissue found inside bones, providing strength and flexibility.

Bone Resorption

The process of breaking down bone tissue, mediated by osteoclasts.

Bone Formation

The process of building new bone tissue, mediated by osteoblasts.

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Diabetes

A metabolic disorder characterized by persistently high blood glucose levels due to the body's inability to use glucose properly.

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Peptide/protein hormones

Hormones that are made up of chains of amino acids. These hormones cannot be taken orally as they are broken down in the digestive system.

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Amino Acid Derivative Hormones

Hormones produced from tyrosine, an amino acid. These hormones are synthesized in the body.

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Steroid Hormones

Hormones that are derived from cholesterol, a type of fat. These hormones are important in many different aspects of our bodies.

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Water-soluble Hormones

Hormones that are water-soluble can travel through the blood freely because they can dissolve within the watery fluid. Water-soluble hormones typically bind to receptors on the cell surface.

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Lipid-soluble Hormones

Hormones that are lipid-soluble cannot travel freely through the blood. They need to be bound to carrier proteins to move through the watery environment of blood. Lipid-soluble hormones have receptors inside the cell.

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Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus acts as a bridge between the brain and the endocrine system. It produces hormones that control various bodily functions, including the pituitary gland.

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Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, and is controlled by the hypothalamus. It produces hormones that affect various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

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Endocrine System

The endocrine system is composed of several organs that produce and release hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones act as chemical messengers, regulating a wide range of functions throughout the body.

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What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

The posterior pituitary releases these two hormones, which are produced in the hypothalamus.

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What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

The anterior pituitary releases these five hormones in response to hypothalamic signals.

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What types of hormones does the adrenal cortex release?

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens are the main steroid hormones released from the adrenal cortex.

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What does the adrenal medulla release?

The adrenal medulla releases catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline, in response to stress.

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What regulates thyroid hormone release?

The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis regulates thyroid hormone secretion.

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What is the role of the thyroid gland?

The thyroid gland produces and releases thyroid hormone, which is essential for metabolism, growth, and development.

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What are hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism?

Hyperthyroidism is a condition characterized by an overactive thyroid, while hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by an underactive thyroid.

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What's the difference between primary and secondary hyper/hypothyroidism?

Primary hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism is related to the thyroid gland, while secondary hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism is related to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.

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Study Notes

Endocrine System Overview

  • Endocrine hormones travel in the blood to receptors, impacting them locally or distantly.
  • Response time is minutes to hours.
  • Each hormone fits precisely into its receptor.

Hormones

Peptides/Proteins

  • Chains of amino acids.
  • Cannot be administered orally (digested in the GI tract).
  • Examples: oxytocin, insulin.

Amino Acid Derivatives

  • Synthesized from tyrosine.
  • Examples: thyroid hormones, adrenaline, dopamine.

Steroids

  • Derived from cholesterol.
  • Examples: testosterone, estrogen.

Eicosanoids

  • Signaling molecules.
  • Polyunsaturated fatty acid derivatives.
  • Example: PGE2.

Hormone Solubility and Transport

  • Water-soluble hormones (peptides and proteins) circulate freely in the blood.
  • Lipid-soluble hormones (steroids and thyroid hormones) travel bound to transport proteins.
  • Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface.
  • Lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors in the cytoplasm.

Water-Soluble Hormone Examples

  • Amines
  • Peptides/proteins
  • Noradrenaline
  • TSH
  • Growth hormone

Water-Soluble Hormone Binding

  1. Binds to membrane receptor.
  2. Activates a G protein.
  3. Activates adenylyl cyclase.
  4. Converts ATP to cAMP.
  5. Activates protein kinases.
  6. Phosphorylates proteins, altering cell activity.

Lipid-Soluble Hormone Examples

  • Testosterone
  • Progesterone
  • Cortisol
  • Aldosterone

Lipid-Soluble Hormone Binding

  1. Diffuses through the plasma membrane.
  2. Binds to receptor in cytoplasm, forming a complex.

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Endocrine System Overview (Summary) PDF

Description

Explore the key concepts of the endocrine system, including hormone types such as peptides, steroids, and amino acid derivatives. Learn how these hormones operate, their solubility, and transport mechanisms in the body. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how hormones influence physiological processes.

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