Endocrine System Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What hormone is responsible for stimulating protein anabolism and promoting spermatogenesis?

  • Progesterone
  • Estrogen
  • Testosterone (correct)
  • Renin

Which hormone is produced by the granulosa cells in the ovaries?

  • Angiotensin II
  • Estrogen (correct)
  • Progesterone
  • Testosterone

What effect does progesterone have on the endometrium?

  • Stimulates contraction of the myometrium
  • Increases cell proliferation in the vagina
  • Supports the implanted embryo (correct)
  • Promotes secretion of luteinizing hormone

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin system?

<p>Renin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Angiotensin II is primarily involved in stimulating the secretion of which hormone?

<p>Aldosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is directly inhibited by progesterone during pregnancy?

<p>Prolactin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of estrogen in relation to bone health?

<p>Increases calcium deposition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does testosterone influence male reproductive development?

<p>Stimulates the growth of male reproductive organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of GnRH in the hypothalamus?

<p>Increases FSH and LH secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for increasing renal H2O reabsorption?

<p>ADH/Vasopressin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What autoimmune disease is most commonly associated with hyperthyroidism and exophthalmos?

<p>Graves disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anterior pituitary hormone primarily stimulates cortisol secretion?

<p>ACTH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is primarily caused by a beta cell tumor leading to increased insulin secretion?

<p>Insulinoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which thyroid cancer type is known for its good prognosis?

<p>Papillary carcinoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does CRH have on the anterior pituitary?

<p>Increases ACTH secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with both Graves disease and toxic multinodular goiter?

<p>Osteoporosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced in the islets of Langerhans and lowers serum glucose levels?

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significant risk factor associated with Graves disease?

<p>Autoimmune diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone does the anterior pituitary secrete to stimulate follicle growth in females?

<p>FSH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which peptide hormone is responsible for inhibiting gluconeogenesis?

<p>Insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of non-secretory tumor is characterized as a benign thyroid nodule?

<p>Cold thyroid tumors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly known as Whipple's triad?

<p>CNS dysfunction, episodic hypoglycemia, reversal with glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of oxytocin secretion?

<p>Stimulates uterine contractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary origin of craniopharyngiomas?

<p>Rathke's pouch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of thyroid carcinoma has the poorest prognosis?

<p>Anaplastic carcinoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition leads to high levels of TSH receptor autoantibodies, causing hormonal releases independent of TSH levels?

<p>Graves disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does insulin binding have on muscular activity?

<p>Promotes glycolysis and protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of glucagon?

<p>Low blood glucose levels and increasing amino acid levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones' secretion is inhibited by somatostatin?

<p>Insulin and glucagon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are T4 and T3 synthesized?

<p>In thyroid follicles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the secretion of somatostatin?

<p>Hypoglycemia, glucagon and presence of fatty acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with thyroid hormones T4 and T3?

<p>Inhibit nerve conduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct effect of TSH on the thyroid gland?

<p>Stimulates thyroid hormones synthesis and secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can inhibit the release of glucagon?

<p>High blood glucose levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a complication associated with hyperparathyroidism?

<p>Urolithiasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical feature of prolactinomas in men?

<p>Erectile dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is most likely elevated in somatotropic adenomas?

<p>Growth hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes secondary hyperparathyroidism?

<p>Results from chronic renal failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with an increase in T3 and T4 levels alongside a decrease in TSH?

<p>Hyperthyroidism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is primarily associated with corticotropic adenomas?

<p>Cushing's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of hyperparathyroidism?

<p>Fatigue and weakness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical finding is most consistent with an active thyroid storm?

<p>Significant tachycardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition might result from ectopic production of PTH by non-parathyroid malignant tumors?

<p>Paraneoplastic syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an expected lab finding in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism?

<p>Elevated serum PTH levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves the loss of LH and FSH leading to amenorrhea and atrophy of reproductive organs?

<p>Congenital agenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common manifestation when 75% of a lobe is destroyed?

<p>Symptoms manifest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is linked to obesity and hypertension in its primary form?

<p>Empty sella syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

<p>Painless thyroid enlargement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child with congenital hypothyroidism may exhibit which of the following features?

<p>Decreased arm span to height ratio (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the first phase of subacute thyroiditis?

<p>Thyrotoxicosis or hyperthyroid symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of lymphocyte infiltration in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

<p>Autoimmune destruction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Diabetes Mellitus Type I, which is a critical consequence of insulin deficiency?

<p>Ketoacidotic coma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with Sheehan’s necrosis?

<p>Pituitary hemorrhage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the metabolic changes in Diabetes Mellitus Type II?

<p>Insulin resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complications of congenital hypothyroidism may include...

<p>Mental retardation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is typically elevated in hypothyroidism?

<p>Elevated serum TSH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is often characterized by episodic hyperthyroid symptoms in addition to general hypothyroid symptoms?

<p>Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a complication of untreated hypothyroidism?

<p>Atherosclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Insulin's Role

Insulin promotes several metabolic processes, including glycolysis (glucose breakdown), glycogenesis (glycogen synthesis), lipogenesis (fat synthesis), amino acid uptake, and protein synthesis in muscles.

Somatostatin's Effect on Insulin

Somatostatin directly suppresses insulin secretion from the pancreas.

Glucagon's Source

Glucagon is produced by alpha cells within the islets of Langerhans in the endocrine pancreas.

Glucagon's Action

Glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis (glucose production), glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown), and the release of glucose from liver storage.

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Glucagon Release Triggers

Glucagon release is stimulated by low blood glucose levels and increasing amino acid levels.

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Somatostatin's Effect on Glucagon

Somatostatin inhibits glucagon release from alpha cells.

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TSH Role

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is synthesized in the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T4 & T3).

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Thyroid Hormones' Effects

Thyroid hormones (T4 & T3) are produced by the thyroid gland and increase metabolic rate, body heat production, and promote various functions like CNS development, nerve conduction, and protein synthesis.

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Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis

A complex network of hormones and feedback loops in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which regulates various bodily functions.

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GnRH

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, secreted by the hypothalamus, stimulating the pituitary to release FSH and LH.

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CRH

Corticotropin-releasing hormone, secreted by the hypothalamus, prompting the pituitary to release ACTH.

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TRH

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, secreted by the hypothalamus, stimulating the pituitary to release TSH.

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GHRH

Growth hormone-releasing hormone, secreted by the hypothalamus, triggering the pituitary to release GH.

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DA (Dopamine)

Dopamine, secreted by the hypothalamus, inhibiting the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary.

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ADH (Vasopressin)

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), secreted by the posterior pituitary, increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys and blood vessel constriction.

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Oxytocin

Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary, responsible for milk ejection and uterine contractions.

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What stimulates Renin?

Decreased blood pressure or plasma osmolarity triggers the release of renin from the kidneys.

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Renin's Role

Renin is an enzyme secreted by the kidneys that starts a chain reaction leading to the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone.

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Where is Testosterone Produced?

Testosterone is primarily produced in the testes and the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex.

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Testosterone's Function

Testosterone plays a vital role in male sexual development, including the growth of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics, and promotes protein synthesis and bone growth.

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Estrogen's Source

Estrogen is primarily synthesized in the ovaries, specifically by granulosa cells, but also in the adrenal cortex and testes.

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Estrogen's Effects

Estrogen plays a crucial role in female sexual development, including the growth of the reproductive tract, and contributes to various bodily functions like fat deposition and bone health.

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Progesterone's Source

Progesterone is primarily secreted from the corpus luteum, ovaries, and adrenal cortex.

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Progesterone's Role

Progesterone plays a crucial role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy, regulates menstrual cycles, and contributes to breast development.

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What is Hyperparathyroidism?

A condition characterized by elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to increased calcium mobilization from bones and hypercalcemia (high blood calcium).

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What are the types of hyperparathyroidism?

Hyperparathyroidism is classified into two types: Primary (due to parathyroid gland overactivity) and Secondary (due to factors like chronic kidney disease).

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What causes Primary Hyperparathyroidism?

Primary hyperparathyroidism is often caused by a benign tumor (adenoma) in one or more parathyroid glands. It can also be caused by ectopic PTH production from non-parathyroid tumors.

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What is Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?

Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs in response to low blood calcium levels, often due to chronic kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency.

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What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

Symptoms include hypercalcemia, fatigue, weakness, bone pain, kidney stones, and mental changes.

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What is a Pituitary Adenoma?

A benign tumor originating from any of the five cell types in the anterior pituitary gland, leading to excessive hormone production by the pituitary gland.

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What is a Prolactinoma?

A type of pituitary adenoma that specifically affects the cells responsible for prolactin production, leading to excess prolactin.

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What are the symptoms of Acromegaly/Gigantism?

Excessive growth hormone production leads to enlarged hands, feet, and face, as well as other symptoms like excessive sweating, joint pain, and high blood sugar.

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What is Cushing's Syndrome?

A condition characterized by excessive cortisol production, often due to a corticotropic adenoma (ACTH producing tumor).

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What is a Thyrotropic Adenoma?

This type of pituitary adenoma affects the cells that produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), leading to excessive TSH secretion.

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Graves Disease

The most common form of hyperthyroidism caused when the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to excessive production of thyroid hormones. It is an autoimmune disorder.

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Toxic Multinodular Goiter

A condition where multiple nodules in the thyroid gland become overactive, leading to hyperthyroidism. Iodine deficiency plays a role in its development.

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Non-Secreting Adrenal Cortical Adenoma

A benign tumor in the adrenal cortex that does not produce hormones. However, it can lead to other hormonal imbalances if it grows large enough.

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Cold Thyroid Tumor

A non-functional benign tumor within the thyroid gland that doesn't take up radioactive iodine, appearing "cold" on scans.

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Insulinoma

A tumor of the beta cells in the pancreas, leading to excessive insulin production. This results in low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia).

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Whipple's Triad

A classic set of symptoms associated with Insulinoma, including low blood sugar, confusion, and rapid improvement with sugar intake.

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Craniopharyngioma

A non-cancerous tumor arising from the remnants of Rathke's pouch, a structure involved in pituitary development, often detected in children.

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Thyroid Neoplasm: Differentiated

The most common type of thyroid cancer encompassing Papillary and Follicular subtypes. It's generally less aggressive and has a good prognosis.

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Thyroid Neoplasm: Poorly Differentiated

A rare, aggressive subtype of thyroid cancer with a less favorable prognosis, including Medullary and Anaplastic cancers.

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Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)

Genetic disorders affecting multiple endocrine glands, leading to hyperactivity and tumor development.

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What is hypopituitarism?

Hypopituitarism is a condition where the pituitary gland doesn't produce enough hormones.

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What is the most common cause of hypopituitarism?

The most common cause is a tumor in the pituitary gland.

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What is Sheehan's syndrome?

Sheehan's syndrome is hypopituitarism caused by damage to the pituitary gland during childbirth.

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What are the symptoms of hypopituitarism?

Symptoms depend on which hormones are deficient but can include: fatigue, weight gain, hair loss, menstrual irregularities, cold intolerance.

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What is Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks the thyroid gland.

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What are the symptoms of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

Symptoms can include fatigue, weight gain, constipation, dry skin, hair loss, and a goiter.

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What is subacute thyroiditis?

Subacute thyroiditis is inflammation of the thyroid gland, often after a viral infection.

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What are the phases of subacute thyroiditis?

There are 3 phases: hyperthyroid, hypothyroid, and euthyroid.

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What is Type 1 diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

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What are the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?

Symptoms include frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, and increased hunger.

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What is Type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body doesn't use insulin properly.

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What are the symptoms of Type 2 diabetes?

Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, blurry vision, and slow-healing sores.

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What is a thyroglossal duct cyst?

A thyroglossal duct cyst is a fluid-filled sac in the neck that forms from the thyroglossal duct, a structure that helps the thyroid gland develop in the fetus.

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What is Sheehan's necrosis?

Sheehan's necrosis is damage to the pituitary gland caused by blood loss during childbirth, leading to hypopituitarism.

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Study Notes

Endocrine System Overview

  • The endocrine system comprises a group of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
  • Hormones regulate various bodily functions.
  • The system includes hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.

Embryology & Anatomy

  • The endocrine organs develop from various germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm).
  • The hypothalamus connects the endocrine and nervous systems.
  • The pituitary gland, a master endocrine gland, sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
  • Other endocrine glands (thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes) are situated throughout the body.

Physiology

  • Hormones regulate multiple bodily functions including metabolism, growth, reproduction, and stress response.
  • Feedback loops (negative and positive) control hormone levels.
  • Hormone secretion is stimulated or inhibited by various factors.

Biochemistry

  • Some hormones are peptides, whilst others are steroids.
  • Key intermediate for synthesizing adrenal hormones is pregnenolone.
  • Tyrosine is a precursor for both dopamine and thyroid hormones.

Pathology

  • Pathologies include hyperfunction, hypofunction, inflammatory conditions, metabolic diseases, vascular issues, and cancerous growths.
  • Examples include Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hyperparathyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism.

Hormones and their Function (Detailed)

  • This section discusses various hormones and their actions in detail.

Pituitary Gland

  • Anterior pituitary releases hormones like ACTH, TSH, GH, LH, FSH, and Prolactin.
  • Posterior pituitary secretes ADH(vasopressin) and oxytocin.

Thyroid Gland

  • Produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Regulates metabolism
  • Calcitonin is involved in calcium regulation

Parathyroid Gland

  • Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH).
  • Regulates calcium homeostasis.

Adrenal Gland

  • Consists of cortex and medulla.
  • Cortex produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  • Medulla releases catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine).

Pancreas

  • Contains islets of Langerhans.
  • Alpha cells secrete glucagon
  • Beta cells release insulin
  • Delta cells produce somatostatin.

Ovaries and Testes

  • Produce steroid hormones regulating reproduction (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone).

Other Hormones

  • Further detailed discussion of additional hormones (Vitamin D, melatonin, renin-angiotensin system, and others)
  • Includes their roles, synthesis, degradation, and regulation in the body.

Practice Questions

  • Includes practice questions for self-assessment to aid in understanding the material.
  • Answers to practice questions are also included for clarity and revision.

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Endocrine System Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the endocrine system, including its glands and functions. This quiz covers the development, physiology, and biochemistry of hormones, along with their regulatory roles in the body. Dive into the fascinating connections between the endocrine and nervous systems.

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