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Questions and Answers
What is the mechanism of action of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors?
What is the mechanism of action of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors?
What is a common side effect of Biguanides?
What is a common side effect of Biguanides?
What is the brand name of the Thiazolidinedione pioglitazone?
What is the brand name of the Thiazolidinedione pioglitazone?
What is a contraindication for Biguanides?
What is a contraindication for Biguanides?
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What is the class of medications that include Incretin mimetic agents?
What is the class of medications that include Incretin mimetic agents?
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What is a common side effect of Thiazolidinediones?
What is a common side effect of Thiazolidinediones?
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When should patients take their medications?
When should patients take their medications?
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What is the brand name of the combination medication glyburide and metformin?
What is the brand name of the combination medication glyburide and metformin?
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What is the duration of rapid-acting insulin?
What is the duration of rapid-acting insulin?
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What is the onset time for short-acting insulin?
What is the onset time for short-acting insulin?
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What distinguishes long-acting insulin from other types?
What distinguishes long-acting insulin from other types?
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What should be monitored when administering both rapid and short-acting insulin?
What should be monitored when administering both rapid and short-acting insulin?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of intermediate-acting insulin?
Which of the following is a characteristic of intermediate-acting insulin?
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What is the onset time for long-acting insulin like glargine (Lantus)?
What is the onset time for long-acting insulin like glargine (Lantus)?
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What is a potential side effect of both Florinef and steroids?
What is a potential side effect of both Florinef and steroids?
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Which of the following is a synthetic form of androgen commonly abused by athletes?
Which of the following is a synthetic form of androgen commonly abused by athletes?
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What is the primary action of androgens?
What is the primary action of androgens?
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Which of the following is a brand name for an estrogen medication?
Which of the following is a brand name for an estrogen medication?
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What is the primary use of Proscar (finasteride)?
What is the primary use of Proscar (finasteride)?
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Which of the following is a common side effect of estrogen?
Which of the following is a common side effect of estrogen?
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Which of the following is a common drug used to treat hyperthyroidism?
Which of the following is a common drug used to treat hyperthyroidism?
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What is a contraindication for the use of Florinef and steroids?
What is a contraindication for the use of Florinef and steroids?
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What is a side effect of glucocorticoids commonly associated with Cushing’s syndrome?
What is a side effect of glucocorticoids commonly associated with Cushing’s syndrome?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the administration of estrogen medications?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the administration of estrogen medications?
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What should be monitored when a patient is on glucocorticoids?
What should be monitored when a patient is on glucocorticoids?
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Which drug is commonly used to mimic the effects of thyroxin hormone in hypothetic patients?
Which drug is commonly used to mimic the effects of thyroxin hormone in hypothetic patients?
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What is a recommended practice when tapering off glucocorticoids?
What is a recommended practice when tapering off glucocorticoids?
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In which time frame should glucocorticoids be administered to mimic natural cortisol secretion?
In which time frame should glucocorticoids be administered to mimic natural cortisol secretion?
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Which of the following is a serious side effect of glucocorticoid use that involves the immune system?
Which of the following is a serious side effect of glucocorticoid use that involves the immune system?
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What lifestyle modification should be advised for patients taking glucocorticoids?
What lifestyle modification should be advised for patients taking glucocorticoids?
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What is the primary function of hormones in the endocrine system?
What is the primary function of hormones in the endocrine system?
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Which type of diabetes is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency?
Which type of diabetes is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency?
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What conditions would classify blood glucose as fasting glucose above normal levels?
What conditions would classify blood glucose as fasting glucose above normal levels?
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Which gland is primarily responsible for the production of insulin?
Which gland is primarily responsible for the production of insulin?
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What are the four main groups of insulin?
What are the four main groups of insulin?
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Which of the following best describes the term 'exogenous source of insulin'?
Which of the following best describes the term 'exogenous source of insulin'?
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What is a normal range for blood glucose levels?
What is a normal range for blood glucose levels?
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What type of insulin administration is typically described as 'bolus'?
What type of insulin administration is typically described as 'bolus'?
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Study Notes
Endocrine System Overview
- Comprises glands producing hormones essential for regulating metabolism, growth, development, tissue function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.
- Key glands include pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (females), and testicles (males).
Hormones in the Endocrine System
- Insulin, thyroid hormones, adrenocortical hormones, and male/female hormones.
- Hormones are secretions released into the bloodstream to act on various organs/tissues.
Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1: Absolute insulin deficiency requiring external insulin source for glucose processing.
- Type 2: Characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
- Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas manage insulin production, differentiating basal and bolus insulin.
Insulin Types and Administration
- Four categories: rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate, long-acting, and premixed insulin.
- Synthetic human insulin decreases allergy risk.
- Bolus insulins (e.g., aspart, lispro) act quickly with a short duration; typically administered before meals to prevent hypoglycemia.
- Basal insulins include intermediate (NPH) and long-acting (glargine, detemir) with longer lasting effects.
Blood Glucose Monitoring
- Normal glucose levels: 70-115 mg/dL.
- Diagnoses based on random glucose > 200 mg/dL and fasting glucose > 126 mg/dL.
- A1C indicates average blood glucose over time, aiding in diabetes management.
Oral Antidiabetic Medications
- Biguanides (e.g., metformin) reduce hepatic glucose production and improve insulin sensitivity; side effects include GI upset.
- Thiazolidinediones (e.g., pioglitazone, rosiglitazone) act similarly, with cardiovascular risks and potential for hypoglycaemia.
- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose) delay carbohydrate absorption but may cause GI issues.
Thyroid Hormones
- Thyroid drugs are used to manage hyperthyroidism (e.g., Tapazole) and hypothyroidism (e.g., levothyroxine).
- Monitoring and checking pulse is essential for dosing adjustments and monitoring metabolism.
Adrenal Hormones
- Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) and mineralcorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) play a role in stress response and electrolyte balance.
- Common glucocorticoids include dexamethasone and prednisone, known for side effects like weight gain and increased infection risk.
- Mineralcorticoids (e.g., fludrocortisone) help manage blood pressure and electrolyte levels.
Patient Teaching for Steroid Use
- Educate on potential side effects including ulcers and impaired wound healing.
- Emphasize gradual tapering off to avoid adrenal crisis.
- Advise against abrupt cessation, and monitor blood glucose for diabetic patients.
Sex Hormones
- Males produce androgens (testosterone) and females produce estrogen and progesterone.
- Anabolic steroids (synthetic testosterone) are associated with muscle building and potential abuse.
- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopause includes estrogen and progestins, with risks of cardiovascular events and uterine cancer.
Conclusion
- Endocrine drugs play a significant role in managing multiple hormonal disorders, requiring precise dosing and monitoring for efficacy and safety.
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Description
Learn about the glands and hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, development, and more in the human body.
