Endocrine Anatomy and Physiology Quiz for Anatomy and Physiology 2 Exam

Study Notes

Endocrine System

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands to regulate various physiological processes.
The endocrine system is a collection of glands and organs that produce hormones to regulate metabolism, growth, development, and homeostasis.
Organs involved in the endocrine system include the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes), hypothalamus, and pituitary gland.
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts.

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

The hypothalamus regulates pituitary gland function through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
The pituitary gland has two lobes: the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).
The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones, while the pituitary produces hormones such as GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, oxytocin, and ADH.
The hypothalamus controls pituitary gland secretion via releasing and inhibiting hormones, forming a neuroendocrine axis.

Other Endocrine Glands

Hormones and functions include thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), parathyroid hormone (PTH), cortisol, insulin, glucagon, estrogen, testosterone, and others.
Hormone secretion is stimulated by hormonal, neural, or environmental cues.
Functions of the endocrine system include regulating metabolism, calcium balance, stress response, blood glucose levels, reproductive functions, and more.

Circulatory System

The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
Components of the circulatory system include the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood.
Blood composition includes plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Physical properties of blood include viscosity, osmolarity, and pH.

Heart and Blood Vessels

The heart is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs and has four chambers: the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle.
The pericardium is a double-layered sac surrounding the heart.
Blood flow through the heart follows a specific pathway involving the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
Valves in the heart, including the tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary, and aortic valves, prevent backflow.
The cardiac cycle involves systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) phases.

Blood Circulation

Blood pathways include the systemic circulation (body) and pulmonary circulation (lungs).
The vascular system includes arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
Neural influences, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, regulate vascular function.
Hormonal influences, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and vasopressin, also play a role.

Lymphatic and Immune Systems

The lymphatic system has functions including fluid balance, fat absorption, and immune defense.
Lymph formation involves fluid collected from tissues by lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic tissues include lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus gland.
The immune system has defense lines including physical barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity provides non-specific defense, while adaptive immunity provides specific defense through cellular and humoral immunity.

Respiratory System

The respiratory system has the function of gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out).
Organs involved in the respiratory system include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Airflow follows a specific pathway through the respiratory system.
Muscles involved in breathing include the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
Pressure gradients drive airflow.

Urinary System

The urinary system has functions including filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation.
Organs involved in the urinary system include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Kidney structure and function include the cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, and nephrons.
Blood and fluid flow through the kidneys involves the renal artery, glomerulus, renal tubules, and renal pelvis.
The filtration process involves glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption and secretion.

Digestive System

The digestive system has functions including ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
Organs involved in the digestive system include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Gastric function involves epithelial cells, secretions, and production regulation.
Hepatic and pancreatic function includes bile production, detoxification, and digestive enzyme secretion.
Small intestine structure includes mucosa differences for increased surface area for absorption.
Large intestine function includes water absorption, feces formation, and bacterial fermentation.

Description

Test your knowledge of the endocrine system, including its definition, functions, and organs. This quiz helps you prepare for the Anatomy and Physiology 2 exam, covering key concepts such as hormones, glands, and physiological processes. Get ready to regulate your learning!