Endocrine System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk synthesis?

  • Prolactin (correct)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Gonadotropic hormones
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

What is the primary effect of growth hormone on bones?

  • Stimulates proliferation of epiphyseal cartilage (correct)
  • Regulates blood sugar levels
  • Stimulates the production of thyroid hormones
  • Promotes fat metabolism

Which of the following is NOT a function of growth hormone?

  • Stimulating fat metabolism
  • Stimulating growth of long bones
  • Stimulating protein synthesis
  • Increasing insulin sensitivity (correct)

Which hormone stimulates the secretion and growth of the thyroid gland?

<p>Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus controls the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones through which mechanism?

<p>Hypophysiotropic releasing and inhibiting hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Growth hormone has which of the following metabolic effects?

<p>Increased lipolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)?

<p>Decreased levels of thyroid hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for the maturation of ova and the synthesis of female sex hormones?

<p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

<p>To serve as a connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are hormones synthesized in the posterior pituitary gland?

<p>They are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the vascular connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

<p>Hypothalamo-hypophysial portal circulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of negative feedback in the endocrine system?

<p>To prevent excessive hormone production by regulating its levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus is influenced by signals from which of the following?

<p>External factors and emotional stress responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback mechanisms exist between endocrine glands and the hypothalamus?

<p>Short and long feedback loops. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are primarily responsible for hormone secretion in the hypothalamus?

<p>Neurosecretory cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is NOT included in the list of key components of the endocrine system?

<p>Adrenal cortex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypophysiotropic Hormones

Hormones produced in the hypothalamus that regulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Stimulates growth and secretion of the thyroid gland.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates growth and secretion of the adrenal gland.

Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates growth of bones and tissues, leading to increased weight and height.

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Prolactin

Stimulates milk synthesis in mammary glands.

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Gonadotropic Hormones (FSH & LH)

Responsible for maturation of ova and synthesis of female sex hormones in females, and spermatogenesis and production of male sex hormones in males.

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Growth Hormone's Effect on Bone Growth

Growth hormone stimulates proliferation of epiphyseal cartilage leading to linear growth of bone.

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Metabolic Effects of Growth Hormone

Growth hormone plays a role in fat metabolism, increasing lipolysis, and in carbohydrate metabolism, having an anti-insulin effect.

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What is an endocrine gland?

A ductless gland that releases hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

The hypothalamus connects the nervous and endocrine systems, influencing hormone release.

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What are the functions of the anterior and posterior pituitary?

The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus, while the anterior pituitary produces its own hormones.

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How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary?

The hypothalamus sends signals to the anterior pituitary through specialized blood vessels, which then control the release of anterior pituitary hormones.

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How do the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary connect?

The hypothalamus and posterior pituitary connect through a nerve pathway called the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract.

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What is a negative feedback loop in the endocrine system?

Hormones maintain specific levels in the bloodstream through a negative feedback loop. Hormone levels in the blood signal back to the gland to regulate its production.

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How do external stimuli and stress influence the hypothalamus?

The hypothalamus receives signals from different parts of the brain, including external stimuli and stress, which influence hormone release.

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How do pituitary and target gland hormones provide feedback to the hypothalamus?

Hormones released by the anterior and target glands can also provide feedback to the hypothalamus to control hormone production.

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Study Notes

Endocrine System Overview

  • The endocrine system is a ductless gland system
  • Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream
  • Hormones reach target sites to exert their effects
  • The system helps regulate cellular metabolism, growth and development, and reproductive function
  • It also regulates blood sugar levels

Endocrine Glands

  • Endocrine glands are ductless glands releasing hormones directly into the blood
  • Hormones travel through blood to target locations to exert their function

Endocrine System Components

  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland (anterior and posterior)
  • Thymus gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal glands
  • Reproductive system (ovaries and testes)

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Unit

  • The hypothalamus connects the nervous and endocrine systems
  • Posterior pituitary contains axons from hypothalamic neurons
  • Hypothalamic neurohormones travel via the portal system to anterior pituitary
  • Anterior pituitary hormones regulate other glands

Hypothalamic Connection with Pituitary Gland

  • Vascular connection between hypothalamus & anterior pituitary formed via a portal circulation
  • Nervous connection between hypothalamus & posterior pituitary through hypophysial tract

Hypothalamopituitary Connection

  • Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus produce releasing and inhibiting hormones
  • These hormones control anterior pituitary releases
  • Posterior pituitary hormones (ADH & oxytocin) are secreted by hypothalamic neurons

Control of Endocrine System

  • Negative feedback mechanisms regulate hormone levels
  • Short feedback loops involve the pituitary gland as a mediator
  • Long feedback loops involve target glands and the hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

  • Site: Located at the base of the brain, within the sella turcica (a depression in the sphenoid bone)
  • Anterior pituitary hormones: TSH, ACTH, Gonadotrophins, GH and Prolactin
  • Posterior pituitary hormones: ADH, Oxytocin
  • Anterior pituitary hormones are critical in controlling other endocrine glands

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates growth and secretion of thyroid gland
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Stimulates growth and secretion of adrenal gland
  • Growth hormone (GH): Stimulates growth of bones and tissues
  • Prolactin: Stimulates milk synthesis
  • Gonadotropins (FSH & LH): Stimulate maturation and sex hormone production

Growth Hormone Functions and Mechanism

  • Somatic growth: Stimulates bone growth & soft tissue development
  • Metabolic effects: Lipolysis, anti-insulin effect
  • Mechanism of action: Direct on cells and indirect via IGF-1 (somatomedin C) from the liver

Growth Hormone- Related Disorders

  • Gigantism: Excessive GH secretion in childhood, resulting in excessively tall stature
  • Acromegaly: Excessive GH secretion in adulthood, resulting in disproportionately enlarged hands, feet, etc.

Pituitary Dwarfism

  • Insufficient GH secretion, resulting in short stature

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Related Documents

Endocrine System Lecture 1 PDF

Description

This quiz covers the key components and functions of the endocrine system, including hormone secretion and the role of various glands like the hypothalamus and pituitary. Explore how hormones help regulate metabolism, growth, and reproductive functions within the body. Test your understanding of this vital system!

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