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Chapter 20 |Adrenal Gland
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Chapter 20 |Adrenal Gland

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Questions and Answers

Which zone of the adrenal cortex is responsible for aldosterone biosynthesis?

  • Zona Fasciculata
  • Zona Glomerulosa (correct)
  • Zona Medulla
  • Zona Reticularis

    • What type of hormones are synthesized by the adrenal medulla?

  • Catecholamines (correct)
  • Corticosteroids
  • Androgens
  • Mineralocorticoids

    • What is the half-life of catecholamines in the circulation?

  • 10 minutes
  • 5 minutes
  • 1 minute
  • 2 minutes (correct)

    • What are the metabolic effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine?

    <p>Mobilization of free fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor of all steroids?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is cholesterol transported for conversion to pregnenolone?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the α globulin that binds cortisol in the circulation?

    <p>Transcortin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone activates adenylyl cyclase via Gs receptors in adrenocortical cells?

    <p>ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones of the adrenal cortex are derivatives of cholesterol?

    <p>Cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During sleep, which catecholamines are reduced in secretion?

    <p>Epinephrine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'emergency function of the sympathoadrenal system' according to Cannon?

    <p>Increased adrenal medullary secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which steroids are normally secreted in physiologically significant amounts from adrenal tissue?

    <p>Cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two classes of receptors that norepinephrine and epinephrine act on?

    <p>α- and β-adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is an important source of estrogens in men and postmenopausal women?

    <p>Androstenedione</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone increases the excretion of Na+ and K+?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adrenal cortical zone is responsible for aldosterone biosynthesis?

    <p>Zona glomerulosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Synthesis of catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are conjugated to sulfate in plasma?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the metabolic effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine?

    <p>Mobilization of free fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones of the adrenal cortex are involved in glucose and protein metabolism?

    <p>Cortisol and corticosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor of estrogens in men and postmenopausal women?

    <p>Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone increases the excretion of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glucocorticoids on ACTH secretion?

    <p>Inhibit ACTH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with adrenal insufficiency who have not received glucocorticoids, what reaction may glucose infusion cause?

    <p>High fever ('glucose fever') followed by collapse and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What personality changes are associated with adrenal insufficiency that are reversed by glucocorticoids?

    <p>Irritability, apprehension, and inability to concentrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do glucocorticoids affect water metabolism in adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Cause water intoxication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of mineralocorticoids like aldosterone on Na+ reabsorption?

    <p>Increase Na+ reabsorption from urine and other bodily fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when aldosterone binds to its cytoplasmic receptor in the cell?

    <p>It increases the synthesis of ENaCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mineralocorticoids affect potassium (K+) excretion in the renal tubules?

    <p>Produce a K+ diuresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism through which aldosterone-stimulated proteins affect sodium reabsorption?

    <p>Enhance the synthesis of ENaCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of adrenergic receptors mediate the vasoconstriction produced by norepinephrine?

    <p>α1-receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of dopamine on renal vasculature?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adrenergic receptor mediates the positive inotropic effect of dopamine on the heart?

    <p>β1-receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological function of dopamine in the circulation?

    <p>Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During emergency situations, which part of the adrenal gland secretes increased amounts of hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine?

    <p>Adrenal Medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT normally secreted in physiologically significant amounts from adrenal tissue?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleus is found in the structure of hormones derived from the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone?

    <p>Regulating Sodium and Potassium Levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is the most active androgen secreted from the testes?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls the acute secretion of adrenal androgens?

    <p>ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when adrenal androgens are secreted in excessive amounts in males?

    <p>They cause masculinization effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do glucocorticoids affect glucose metabolism?

    <p>Increase hepatic glycogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does free glucocorticoids have on ACTH secretion?

    <p>Inhibits ACTH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can administering steroids not produce the effects of high levels of circulating glucocorticoids?

    <p>Steroids result in other manifestations of glucocorticoid excess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for increasing the sensitivity of the adrenal to subsequent doses of ACTH?

    <p>ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does most of the daily production of cortisol occur in humans?

    <p>Between 4:00 AM and 10:00 AM</p> Signup and view all the answers

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