Endocrine System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

  • To produce antibodies to fight infections
  • To transmit nerve impulses throughout the body
  • To release hormones into circulation for travel to and action on distant targets (correct)
  • To filter waste and excess fluids from the blood

    • What type of hormone is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

  • Steroid hormone
  • Vitamin-derived hormone
  • Modified amino acid hormone
  • Protein/Polypeptide hormone (correct)

    • What is the function of oxytocin?

  • To stimulate the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex
  • To stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas
  • To stimulate urine contraction and milk let-down (correct)
  • To regulate blood pressure

    • Which gland is responsible for regulating certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of parathyroid hormone?

    <p>To promote an increase in plasma calcium and reduction in plasma phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feedback involves a response that is the reverse of the change detected?

    <p>Negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the adenohypophysis?

    <p>To receive and release hormones through a process involving releasing factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glucocorticoids?

    <p>To play essential roles in protein and carbohydrate metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>To conserve water and reduce urine volume in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thyroid gland?

    <p>To produce thyroid hormones that regulate metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocrine System

    • Encompasses a group of tissues that release hormones into circulation for travel to and action on distant targets.
    • Endocrine tissue is typically a ductless gland that releases its hormones into capillaries that permeate the tissue.

    Hormones

    • Control or regulate a multitude of biologic processes in virtually all tissues.
    • Three major classes of hormones:
      • Protein/Polypeptide Hormones: act on their target cells by binding to receptors located on the cell surface.
        • Examples: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary, insulin from the pancreas, and parathyroid hormone (PTH).
      • Steroid Hormones: derivatives of cholesterol, including products of the adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testes, as well as vitamin D.
        • Synthesized from cholesterol by enzymatic reactions and stored intracellularly in the tissue of origin.
      • Modified Amino Acid Hormones: made by chemical modification of amino acids, mainly tyrosine.

    Organs

    Hypothalamus

    • Links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
    • Regulates certain metabolic processes and activities of the autonomic nervous system.

    Pituitary Gland

    • Under adenohypophysis:
      • Inhibiting hormone (IH) restrains pituitary hormone.
      • Releasing hormone (RH) stimulates pituitary hormone.
    • Under neurohypophysis:
      • Oxytocin stimulates urine contraction, milk let-down for the uterus and mammary gland.
      • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) releases vasopressin, conserves water, reduces urine volume in kidneys, and constricts vessels to raise blood pressure in arterioles.

    Adrenal Gland

    • Under adrenal cortex:
      • Glucocorticoids are essential for normal response to stress, play important roles in protein and carbohydrate metabolism in multiple organs, including the liver.
      • Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) conserve Na, eliminate K in the kidney.
    • Under adrenal medulla:
      • Epinephrine and Norepinephrine augment the sympathetic response to stress by actions on several organs.

    Thyroid

    • Thyroid follicular cells produce thyroid hormone.

    Parathyroid

    • Parathyroid hormone promotes an increase in plasma calcium and a reduction in plasma phosphate in bones and kidneys.

    Processes

    Feedbacks

    • Negative Feedback: involves a response that is the reverse of the change detected, reducing the change.
    • Positive Feedback: involves a response that reinforces the change detected, amplifying the change.
    • Steps of feedback:
      1. Detect change in body homeostasis.
      2. Produce change in variable.
      3. Detected by receptor (sensor).
      4. Information sent along afferent/internal pathway to control center.
      5. Information sent along efferent/external pathway to effector.
      6. Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus, returning variable to homeostasis.

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    Description

    Learn about the endocrine system, a group of tissues that release hormones to regulate various biological processes in the body.

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