Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the primary function of the endocrine system in relation to the nervous system?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of the endocrine system in relation to the nervous system?
- The endocrine system and the nervous system operate independently without any direct interaction.
- The endocrine system directly controls voluntary muscle movements, while the nervous system regulates hormone secretion.
- The endocrine system's function is closely linked to the nervous system through neuroendocrine regulation. (correct)
- The endocrine system replaces the functions of the nervous system during periods of prolonged stress.
A patient's endocrine disorder is classified as secondary. What does this classification indicate about the source of the dysfunction?
A patient's endocrine disorder is classified as secondary. What does this classification indicate about the source of the dysfunction?
- The dysfunction is due to the target tissues' inability to respond to hormones.
- The dysfunction arises from the anterior pituitary gland. (correct)
- The dysfunction is located within the endocrine gland.
- The dysfunction originates in the hypothalamus.
A deficiency in which of the following hormones would most directly affect sexual maturation and reproductive functions?
A deficiency in which of the following hormones would most directly affect sexual maturation and reproductive functions?
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (correct)
A patient presents with unexplained weight loss, increased heart rate, and heat intolerance. Which diagnostic lab value would the nurse anticipate the provider to assess first?
A patient presents with unexplained weight loss, increased heart rate, and heat intolerance. Which diagnostic lab value would the nurse anticipate the provider to assess first?
When assessing a patient for potential endocrine dysfunction, which question about family history would be most relevant?
When assessing a patient for potential endocrine dysfunction, which question about family history would be most relevant?
What key post-operative instruction should be provided to a patient following a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy?
What key post-operative instruction should be provided to a patient following a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy?
What is the primary action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on serum calcium levels?
What is the primary action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on serum calcium levels?
In a patient with suspected diabetes insipidus (DI), which assessment finding would the nurse anticipate?
In a patient with suspected diabetes insipidus (DI), which assessment finding would the nurse anticipate?
What causes diabetes insipidus?
What causes diabetes insipidus?
A client taking vasopressin (Pitressin), what should the nurse emphasize is a shorter acting then what medication?
A client taking vasopressin (Pitressin), what should the nurse emphasize is a shorter acting then what medication?
A patient with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is prescribed a fluid restriction of 1000ml/Day. Which of the following meal plans would be most appropriate for this patient?
A patient with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is prescribed a fluid restriction of 1000ml/Day. Which of the following meal plans would be most appropriate for this patient?
A patient is admitted with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which electrolyte imbalance is the nurse most likely to assess?
A patient is admitted with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which electrolyte imbalance is the nurse most likely to assess?
A client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis if hypothyroidism. What is the most important thing for the nurse to assess.
A client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis if hypothyroidism. What is the most important thing for the nurse to assess.
A patient with hypothyroidism is receiving thyroid hormone replacement therapy. What cardiovascular parameter should be closely monitored?
A patient with hypothyroidism is receiving thyroid hormone replacement therapy. What cardiovascular parameter should be closely monitored?
What laboratory study result confirms primary hypothyroidism?
What laboratory study result confirms primary hypothyroidism?
What causes Grave's disease?
What causes Grave's disease?
A patient is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. Considering the metabolic effects of this condition, what nutritional advice is most appropriate?
A patient is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. Considering the metabolic effects of this condition, what nutritional advice is most appropriate?
A nurse is providing post-operative care for a patient who has undergone a thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism. What immediate post-operative priority should the nurse monitor?
A nurse is providing post-operative care for a patient who has undergone a thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism. What immediate post-operative priority should the nurse monitor?
If Thyroid storm occurred in the patient. What medication should the nurse be prepared to administer upon?
If Thyroid storm occurred in the patient. What medication should the nurse be prepared to administer upon?
What classification indicates endocrine disorders because it means that the target has inability to respond to hormones ?
What classification indicates endocrine disorders because it means that the target has inability to respond to hormones ?
What hormone does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?
What hormone does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?
The Thyroid gland is located where within the area of the neck?
The Thyroid gland is located where within the area of the neck?
What nursing interventions are needed to implement for hypopituitarism
What nursing interventions are needed to implement for hypopituitarism
Which gland coordinates sexual functioning?
Which gland coordinates sexual functioning?
What function does oxytocin fall under
What function does oxytocin fall under
What are the two classifications of diabetes insipidus
What are the two classifications of diabetes insipidus
When applying nursing assessments what category is it when assessing Heart Rate on the patient ?
When applying nursing assessments what category is it when assessing Heart Rate on the patient ?
What is a nursing action that can be implemented for hyperpituitarism?
What is a nursing action that can be implemented for hyperpituitarism?
What are the nursing diagnoses for SIADH
What are the nursing diagnoses for SIADH
The islet cells located within the Pancreas regulate __________?
The islet cells located within the Pancreas regulate __________?
Where is location of the hypothalamus
Where is location of the hypothalamus
What is the hallmark sign for Hypothyroidism?
What is the hallmark sign for Hypothyroidism?
The Adrenal Medulla is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, true or false?
The Adrenal Medulla is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, true or false?
When a patient has SIADH, which medication promotes water production but increases osmolarity and dieresis???
When a patient has SIADH, which medication promotes water production but increases osmolarity and dieresis???
Islets function within the pancreases to release what??
Islets function within the pancreases to release what??
Thyroid hormones that are regulated T3 & T4. But what do they do?
Thyroid hormones that are regulated T3 & T4. But what do they do?
What do the gondas have to do with luteinizing hormones.?
What do the gondas have to do with luteinizing hormones.?
What is NOT a nursing diagnosis when the patient has a nursing action?
What is NOT a nursing diagnosis when the patient has a nursing action?
The hypothalamus is the main regulator for pitutary glan.. true or false.
The hypothalamus is the main regulator for pitutary glan.. true or false.
T3 and T4 are tested within a thyroid panel, what do are important about this test?
T3 and T4 are tested within a thyroid panel, what do are important about this test?
What has to be tested with an autoimmune disease?
What has to be tested with an autoimmune disease?
What are some medication used on an hyperthyroidid patient?
What are some medication used on an hyperthyroidid patient?
In SIADH, what do diuretics treat?
In SIADH, what do diuretics treat?
When reviewing a patient's chart, the nurse notes a diagnosis of a 'tertiary' endocrine disorder. What does this classification indicate about the location of the endocrine dysfunction?
When reviewing a patient's chart, the nurse notes a diagnosis of a 'tertiary' endocrine disorder. What does this classification indicate about the location of the endocrine dysfunction?
A patient is undergoing an assessment for a suspected endocrine disorder. Which of the following assessment techniques would be most appropriate for the nurse to use when examining the thyroid gland?
A patient is undergoing an assessment for a suspected endocrine disorder. Which of the following assessment techniques would be most appropriate for the nurse to use when examining the thyroid gland?
A patient is scheduled for an ACTH stimulation test. The nurse understands that this test is used to assess the function of which endocrine gland?
A patient is scheduled for an ACTH stimulation test. The nurse understands that this test is used to assess the function of which endocrine gland?
A nurse is caring for a patient with a suspected pituitary disorder. Which of the following diagnostic tests would provide the most detailed information about the structure of the pituitary gland?
A nurse is caring for a patient with a suspected pituitary disorder. Which of the following diagnostic tests would provide the most detailed information about the structure of the pituitary gland?
A patient is diagnosed with hypopituitarism. The nurse anticipates which of the following hormonal deficiencies would most likely lead to changes in the patient's sexual function and reproductive capacity?
A patient is diagnosed with hypopituitarism. The nurse anticipates which of the following hormonal deficiencies would most likely lead to changes in the patient's sexual function and reproductive capacity?
A patient with a known pituitary tumor is exhibiting signs of increased intracranial pressure. Which nursing intervention is most important to include in the patient's plan of care?
A patient with a known pituitary tumor is exhibiting signs of increased intracranial pressure. Which nursing intervention is most important to include in the patient's plan of care?
A patient is being evaluated for possible diabetes insipidus (DI). The nurse anticipates which of the following laboratory findings would be most indicative of this condition?
A patient is being evaluated for possible diabetes insipidus (DI). The nurse anticipates which of the following laboratory findings would be most indicative of this condition?
A patient with diabetes insipidus (DI) is prescribed desmopressin. Which of the following outcomes would indicate that the medication is effective?
A patient with diabetes insipidus (DI) is prescribed desmopressin. Which of the following outcomes would indicate that the medication is effective?
A patient is diagnosed with Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH). Considering the pathophysiology of this condition, which nursing intervention is most important?
A patient is diagnosed with Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH). Considering the pathophysiology of this condition, which nursing intervention is most important?
A patient with SIADH is being treated with a tetracycline antibiotic. What is the expected outcome of this treatment?
A patient with SIADH is being treated with a tetracycline antibiotic. What is the expected outcome of this treatment?
A patient is being assessed for possible hypothyroidism. The nurse should be aware that which of the following is considered a hallmark sign of this condition?
A patient is being assessed for possible hypothyroidism. The nurse should be aware that which of the following is considered a hallmark sign of this condition?
When providing dietary education to a patient with hypothyroidism, which of the following instructions is most important for the nurse to emphasize?
When providing dietary education to a patient with hypothyroidism, which of the following instructions is most important for the nurse to emphasize?
A patient with hypothyroidism is starting on levothyroxine. What is an important teaching point about when to take this medication?
A patient with hypothyroidism is starting on levothyroxine. What is an important teaching point about when to take this medication?
The nurse is caring for a patient who has undergone a thyroidectomy. What is the priority assessment to monitor for related to potential laryngeal nerve damage?
The nurse is caring for a patient who has undergone a thyroidectomy. What is the priority assessment to monitor for related to potential laryngeal nerve damage?
A patient is admitted with a diagnosis of thyroid storm. The nurse anticipates administering which medication to decrease thyroid hormone release?
A patient is admitted with a diagnosis of thyroid storm. The nurse anticipates administering which medication to decrease thyroid hormone release?
When assessing a patient with hyperthyroidism, which of the following findings would the nurse expect to observe?
When assessing a patient with hyperthyroidism, which of the following findings would the nurse expect to observe?
A client is receiving Propylthiouracil (PTU). What will this medication do for the client
A client is receiving Propylthiouracil (PTU). What will this medication do for the client
A patient is diagnosed with hyperpituitarism due to a pituitary adenoma and prescribed bromocriptine. Which mechanism explains how bromocriptine is effective in this patient
A patient is diagnosed with hyperpituitarism due to a pituitary adenoma and prescribed bromocriptine. Which mechanism explains how bromocriptine is effective in this patient
The nurse is educating a patient who is schedule for transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, what should be included in the patient teaching?
The nurse is educating a patient who is schedule for transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, what should be included in the patient teaching?
A patient with hypopituitarism has the NANDA-I problem of decreased cardiac output. What signs could indicate that cardiac output has decreased?
A patient with hypopituitarism has the NANDA-I problem of decreased cardiac output. What signs could indicate that cardiac output has decreased?
A patient had post-op tumor removed. The patient now has serum osmolality level increased and the urine osmolality decreased. What does this mean and relate to this patient?
A patient had post-op tumor removed. The patient now has serum osmolality level increased and the urine osmolality decreased. What does this mean and relate to this patient?
When providing nursing care related to the nursing diagnosis of risk of injury when caring for a client with hypopituitarism as secondary, what is involved in patient care?
When providing nursing care related to the nursing diagnosis of risk of injury when caring for a client with hypopituitarism as secondary, what is involved in patient care?
What is the primary focus of nursing for a patient who is experiencing hyperpituitarism?
What is the primary focus of nursing for a patient who is experiencing hyperpituitarism?
A patient is experincing issues with vision from a pituitary issue, what intervention should nurses consider?
A patient is experincing issues with vision from a pituitary issue, what intervention should nurses consider?
The patient is scheduled for desmopressin, which has which action on the clients?
The patient is scheduled for desmopressin, which has which action on the clients?
A Nurse teaching the client with Diabetes Insipidus to recognize the signs and symptoms of DI. What should the nurse include in her teaching about this topic?
A Nurse teaching the client with Diabetes Insipidus to recognize the signs and symptoms of DI. What should the nurse include in her teaching about this topic?
A client starts with fluid volume deficit, but the medication has a reaction that causes the fluid to be imbalanced and now starts volume excess. What is an important intervention for the nurse to implement?
A client starts with fluid volume deficit, but the medication has a reaction that causes the fluid to be imbalanced and now starts volume excess. What is an important intervention for the nurse to implement?
A patient is being assessed for possible diagnosis for hypothyroidism, what would the nurse expect to find?
A patient is being assessed for possible diagnosis for hypothyroidism, what would the nurse expect to find?
A patient with hypothyroidism is being treated, the nurse should recognize that the patient most likely took what medication?
A patient with hypothyroidism is being treated, the nurse should recognize that the patient most likely took what medication?
The nurse is teaching the new nurse about nursing interventions for tetany post operatively post thyroid glad removal, what are the nursing education should be given?
The nurse is teaching the new nurse about nursing interventions for tetany post operatively post thyroid glad removal, what are the nursing education should be given?
Flashcards
Endocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands
Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Hormones
Hormones
Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream to target cells.
Hypothalamus Function
Hypothalamus Function
Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycles.
Primary Endocrine Disorder
Primary Endocrine Disorder
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Secondary Endocrine Disorder
Secondary Endocrine Disorder
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Tertiary Endocrine Disorder
Tertiary Endocrine Disorder
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Negative Feedback Loop
Negative Feedback Loop
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Anterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary
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Posterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
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Addrenal Cortex Function
Addrenal Cortex Function
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Adrenal Medulla function
Adrenal Medulla function
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Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
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Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
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Gonads
Gonads
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Pancreas
Pancreas
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Hypopituitarism
Hypopituitarism
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Hyperpituitarism
Hyperpituitarism
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Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
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Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
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Hypothyroidism : tertiary cause
Hypothyroidism : tertiary cause
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Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
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Study Notes
Endocrine System Parts
- The endocrine system includes the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, gonads, and islet cells of the pancreas.
Endocrine Hormones
- Endocrine hormones secrete directly into the bloodstream
- Endocrine hormone function directly relates to hormone secretion and hormone levels in the blood
- Endocrine disorders are classified as primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary.
- Primary endocrine disorder involves dysfunction at the endocrine gland itself
- Secondary endocrine disorder involves dysfunction of the anterior pituitary gland
- Tertiary endocrine disorder involves dysfunction of the hypothalamus
- Quaternary endocrine disorder involves the inability of target tissues to respond to hormones.
Endocrine System Function
- The endocrine system coordinates sexual functioning and blood glucose control.
- This system influences metabolism, growth, and development.
- Dysfunction may occur if there is underproduction or overproduction of select hormones.
Endocrine Anatomy & Physiology
- The endocrine system's function is linked to the nervous system through neuroendocrine regulation
- Hormonal secretions are regulated by a negative feedback loop
Hypothalamus
- The hypothalamus is located beneath the thalamus
- Secreted hormones work directly on other endocrine glands
Anterior Pituitary Gland
- The hypothalamus regulates the anterior pituitary gland function
- Hormones secreted target the pituitary gland tissue
Anterior Pituitary Secretions
- Gonadotropin hormones include follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Secretions also include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin, growth hormone (GH), and melanocyte-stimulating hormone.
Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Consists of nerve fibers
- The posterior pituitary gland is responsible for neuroendocrine reflexes
- Hormones secrete in response to signals from the nervous system
- Secretions include antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
Adrenal Glands
- The adrenal cortex makes up 90% of the adrenal gland and secretes three types of hormones
- Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
- Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- Androgens (male sex hormones)
- The adrenal medulla is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
- Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
- The adrenal medulla is not essential to life, as SNS can also produce Epi and NorEpi
Thyroid Gland
- The thyroid gland resides in the anterior neck beneath the cricoid cartilage
- The thyroid gland produces triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyrocalcitonin (calcitonin)
- The thyroid gland regulates heart rate, contractility, respiration rate and depth, oxygen use, and glucose intake
- It influences glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, protein synthesis, catabolism, and fatty acid metabolism.
- The thyroid gland also contributes to oxidation of free fatty lipids, cholesterol, and phospholipids
Parathyroid Gland
- The parathyroid gland partially embeds in the thyroid gland
- It may also reside above the hyoid bone
- The gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- PTH increases serum calcium through bone reabsorption, renal reabsorption, and vitamin D activation
- PTH decreases serum phosphate by affecting kidney reabsorption, bone resorption, and small intestine absorption
Gonads
- Sexual development and faction are based on hormones secreted from designated sex organs, testes, and ovaries
- Both sex organs rely on tropic hormones released by the anterior pituitary, influenced by gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- Males: FSH & LH = Testosterone
- Females: FSH & LH = Estrogen and Progesterone
- FSH and LH stimulate maturation in male and female sex organs
Pancreas
- Located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen
- Has both endocrine and exocrine functions
- Islet cells control blood glucose via insulin and glucagon
Endocrine Assessment
- History includes comprehensive information and family genetics
- Physical assessment involves inspection, auscultation and palpation
- Focuses on the thyroid and or testes in regards to, size, shape, symmetry, and nodules or texture
Inspection
- Includes a head-to-toe exam, with specific attention to relevant manifestations
Auscultation
- Includes assessing the heart rate, heart rhythm, and carotid or thyroid bruits.
Diagnostic Studies
- Diagnostic studies include lab work such as serum hormone levels and TSH/T3/T4 levels, and stimulation and suppression testing.
- Imaging techniques like CT scans, X-rays, MRIs, and thyroid scans are also used.
Disorders of the Pituitary Gland
- Anterior pituitary disorders include hypopituitarism and hyperpituitarism.
- Posterior pituitary disorders include diabetes insipidus (DI) and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
Hypopituitarism
- Hypopituitarism means insufficient hormone secretion of the anterior pituitary gland
- This deficiency may lead to decreased body functions
- Less than 200,000 individuals in the U.S. are affected by hypopituitarism
- Hypopituitarism can result from damage, compression, or inflammation of the pituitary, potentially secondary to a pituitary tumor or hypothalamus damage
Hypopituitarism Pathophysiology
- May have a deficiency of anterior pituitary hormones which leads to changes in metabolic or sexual function
- Specific diseases are determined based on which hormones drop
- Deficient adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) causes decreased aldosterone and cortisol release from the adrenal cortex
- Impaired thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) decreases thyroid hormone
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) can cause changes in sexual and reproductive functioning
Clinical Manifestations of Hypopituitarism
- Decreased glucocorticoids, hypoglycemia, decreased cortisol levels, and decreased ability to handle stress
- Decreased mineralocorticoids, hypotension, hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia
Clinical Manifestations of Hypopituitarism for GH
- Decreased bone density
- Decreased muscle strength
- Increased risk of bone fractures
Clinical Manifestations of Hypopituitarism for LH
- Irregular menses or amenorrhea
- Decreased ovulation
Clinical Manifestations of Hypopituitarism for FSH
- Decreased ovulation
- Decreased estrogen production
Clinical Manifestations of Hypopituitarism for TSH
- Declining T3 and T4
- Reduced metabolic rate
- Weight gain, thinning hair, and decreased libido
Diagnosis/Treatment of Hypopituitarism
- Diagnosis depends on the suspected hormone deficiency.
- Hormonal studies, including ACTH stimulation tests and measurements of TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin, and GH, are performed.
- CT/MRI scans rule out brain or pituitary tumors.
- Blood testing identifies other causes of weakness.
- Medications and management can restore hormone levels to “normal” range.
Hormone replacement includes:
- Corticosteroids
- Thyroid hormone
- Testosterone or estrogen
- Supportive therapies include electrolyte replacement and vitamin D and calcium supplementation
Complications of Hypopituitarism
- Panhypopituitarism includes hyposecretion of all hormones from the hypothalamus
- Lack of ACTH impairs the ability to maintain fluid volume and causes circulatory collapse.
- Lack of TSH causes decreased metabolism
- Women receiving estrogen hormone therapy are at risk for HTN and DVT
- Deficient anterior pituitary hormones can cause hypotension and circulatory issues
- Reduced ACTH causes decreased aldosterone production causing sodium and water loss through kidneys
Nursing Management for Hypopituitarism
- Nursing includes assessment and analysis focusing on hormone deficiency
- Nursing diagnoses/problems include fluid volume deficit and risk for injury
- Look for impaired mobility, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and increased risk for osteoporosis
Hypopituitarism Interventions
- Interventions focus on maintaining vitals, monitoring and evaluating serum glucose, monitoring any changes in fertility, and if there are signs of further bone decrease
- It is important to implement safety measures, increase vitamin D, collaborate with other medical departments
Hyperpituitarism
- Hyperpituitarism is often related to hypersecreting tumors, with higher rates in females and can affect both children and adults.
- This may be a result of genetics
- Pathophysiology stems from secondary hypersecretion of one or more leading to dysfunction
Clinical Manifestations of Hyperpituitarism for ACTH
- Hyperglycemia
- Increased cortisol levels
Clinical Manifestations of Hyperpituitarism for Mineralocorticoids
- Hypernatremia
- Hypertension
- Hypokalemia
Clinical Manifestations of Hyperpituitarism for GH
- Increased bone density
- Coarse facial features
- Menstrual irregularities.
Clinical Manifestations of Hyperpituitarism for Prolactin
- Hypogonadism
- Galactorrhea (milky nipple discharge)
- Increased body fat
Clinical Manifestations of Hyperpituitarism for TSH
- Increased levels of T3 and T4.
- Elevated metabolic rate
- Weight loss
- Exophthalmos
Hyperpituitarism Diagnosis and Interventions
- Diagnostics focus on identifying effects of increased hormones, such as ACTH stimulation tests
- Measurements of TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, and GH
- Conduct an evaluation for tumors
- Assess for the size of the hands, feet and bones
- Interventions include medications to treat symptoms and/or cause the body to secrete reducing medication
- Dopamine agonists like bromocriptine mesylate, inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones Growth hormone receptor blockers or somatostatin analogs inhibit release of GH
Hyperpituitarism Treatment
- Surgery is needed if the patient is not treatable with medication
- Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy includes using an endoscope and transeptal approach
Hyperpituitarism Complications
- Too much GH or increased organ growth can result in hyperglycemia and increased size of the heart, thyroid, liver, and kindeys
- ACTH can cause tumors
- Surgical complications are also common
Hyperpituitarism Assessment
- Assessment of the patient is dependent upon the specific hormone that has been affected
- Nursing diagnosis, fluid excess and body image
- It is important to assess vitals
Hyperpituitarism Labs
- Can include tests for vision
- Input and output needs to be assessed
- Sodium and potassium are main concerns
- Assess for the feature of the body when determining status
- Can include dopamine
Diabetes Insipidus
- Occurs because of under producing or lack or vasopresson
- Can be treated with medication
Diabetes insipidus (DI) Epidemiology
- 30% of cases are idiopathic, 25% are caused by tumor, 20% are due to head trauma
- May be caused if the kidney is unaffected
- Can have decreased secretion of ADH, if central
- Occurs in the brain tumor of the central DI
Diabetes Insipidus Pathophysiology
- Minimal production of the hypothalamus
- ADH is created and stored in the postenor pituitary
- ADH = less volume, and can be used for circulation
Signs and Symptoms of Di
- Weight loss
- Polyuria
- Hypotension
- Dehydration
- Can lead to hypovolemia
Diagnostic test for Diagnosing
- Test sodium urine for blood
- Check for the urine osmolality
- Less than 200 per KG, it can be an indicator of the brain stem
DI Nursing Management
- Low volume of H2O can lead to low blood pressure
- Test blood in urine
- High elevated for a high compensation
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
- Too much ADH can cause electrolyte imbalances
- Can trigger hemotremia and hypoosmolality
Assessment of SIADH
- Check for headache related to the increased levels of electrolytes
- Check the color of urine
Nursing interventions are meant to assess
- Neurological functions
- Sodium and potassium balance
- Specific gravity
SIADH Treatment Options
Medications that can be prescribed for hyponatremia
- Antibiotics
- Tetracycline
Hypothyroidism
- Thyroid stimulating hormone is controlled by hormones
- TSH is controlled anterior pititatry gland and hypothalamus
- Hashimotos, is a secondary response after radioactive treatment post thyroid surgery
Hypothyroidism Manifestations
- Patient will be sluggish, and complain of sleepiness and energy
- Weight gain has a likelihood
HYPOTHYROIDISM – MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Laboratory Diagnosis
- Monitor the levels of hormones of TSH, T3, T4
- Medication is key to treat it, and may include syntroid
- Watch those with high levels and hx of cardiac disease
- High rate of cardio could lead to high levels of Angina
Myxedema
- Decreased breathing rates
- Muscle weakness, high sensitive from medication
- Can result in High CO2
Nursing Assessment Hypothyroidism
- Assessment for signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism are important and should always include checking skin condition.
- Myxedema has nonputting edema located around hands, feet, around eyes, around the larynx
- Check for elevated cholesterol levels
Symptoms from Hyothyroidism
- Decreased cardiac output
- Can lead to decreased levels of respiration
- Is also important implement measures
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