Endocrine System Flashcards - Chapter 16
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Questions and Answers

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?

Control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone

Insulin-like growth factors are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?

Growth hormone

Which hormone is regulated by a neuroendocrine 'letdown' reflex?

<p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?

<p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?

<p>Negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polypeptide hormone released by the parafolicular cells?

<p>Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Follicular cells produce which glycoprotein?

<p>Thyroglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland secretes the most important hormone controlling calcium balance in the blood?

<p>Parathyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone released by the anterior pituitary targets the adrenal cortex when the body is under stress?

<p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands?

<p>A drop in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland structure with the class of hormones it produces?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to which brain structure could cause central diabetes insipidus?

<p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The word root that means phosphate or phosphorus is?

<p>Phospho</p> Signup and view all the answers

The word root that means feeding or eating is?

<p>Phag</p> Signup and view all the answers

The word root that means urine is?

<p>Uria</p> Signup and view all the answers

The word root that means attracted specifically to the specified organ or tissue is?

<p>Tropic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The word root that means blood or lymph vessels is?

<p>Angio</p> Signup and view all the answers

An enzyme that degrades second messengers like cAMP or cGMP is called?

<p>Phosphodiesterase</p> Signup and view all the answers

FSH and LH are examples of which type of hormones?

<p>Gonadotropic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Overproduction of urine is a sign of what condition?

<p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Upon the release of renin, which hormone is produced and stimulates vasoconstriction?

<p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

Overeating, or __________, is a sign associated with diabetes mellitus.

<p>Polyphagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atrial natriuretic peptide secreted by the heart has the opposite function of __________.

<p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on?

<p>The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus controls the activity of the thyroid, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is inhibited by alcohol.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. What hormone is recommended for her treatment?

<p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What system transports several hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Hypophyseal portal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these would be an effect of an excess of thyroid hormones?

<p>Decreased TRH release</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steroid hormones exert their action by?

<p>Entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hormones?

<p>Act as chemical messengers that regulate the metabolic function of cells in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

The major targets of growth hormone are?

<p>Liver, bones and skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acromegaly is a condition resulting from the over-secretion of?

<p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones matured by the?

<p>Thymus gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular?

<p>Secondary messengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

The alteration in blood levels of vital ions and nutrients causes the secretion of a hormone. This type of endocrine gland stimuli is known as?

<p>Humoral stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called?

<p>Hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxytocin release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by?

<p>Causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, and therefore decreasing blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as?

<p>Down-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on?

<p>The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because?

<p>It is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steroid hormones exert their action by?

<p>Entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium through?

<p>Targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insulin is synthesized by which cells of the pancreas?

<p>Beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract is partly contained within?

<p>The infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to?

<p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by?

<p>No beta-cell production of insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves?

<p>Insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyperglycemia refers to?

<p>Elevated blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Addison's disease is characterized by deficits in which hormones?

<p>Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cushing's syndrome results from excess of which hormone?

<p>Glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aldosteronism is caused by hypersecretion of?

<p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypoparathyroidism can lead to?

<p>Potential death due to calcium imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metastatic calcification occurs when?

<p>Calcium deposits form in soft tissues throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hormones and Their Functions

  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates cortisol production from the adrenal gland, responding mainly to stress.
  • Ventral hypothalamic neurons control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and other anterior pituitary hormones.
  • Growth hormone (GH) stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) from the liver, essential for growth in bones and skin.
  • Oxytocin release is triggered by infant sucking, promoting milk let-down and uterine contractions.
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin, is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary.

Thyroid Hormones and Regulation

  • Negative feedback regulates circulating levels of thyroid hormone, decreasing TSH release when thyroid hormone levels are high.
  • Calcitonin, produced by parafollicular cells, helps regulate calcium levels alongside parathyroid hormone (PTH).
  • Thyroglobulin is a glycoprotein produced by follicular cells in the thyroid.

Calcium Homeostasis

  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is crucial for maintaining calcium balance, stimulating bone resorption, and reducing urinary excretion of calcium.
  • PTH secretion is triggered by low blood calcium levels and inhibited when calcium levels are high.
  • Increase in blood pressure promotes renin release from the kidneys, leading to aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex.

Hormonal Actions and Feedback Mechanisms

  • Gonadotropic hormones like FSH and LH target the ovaries and testes.
  • Angiotensin II stimulates vasoconstriction and aldosterone release after renin is secreted.
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide opposes aldosterone’s function, reducing blood pressure.
  • Diabetes mellitus presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
  • Type 1 diabetes involves a lack of insulin production by beta cells, necessitating insulin dependency.
  • Type 2 diabetes is marked by insufficient insulin production or resistance, typically not requiring insulin for survival.
  • Hyperglycemia is characterized by elevated blood glucose, leading to increased metabolic rate and cardiovascular issues.

Hormonal Imbalances

  • Cushing's syndrome results from glucocorticoid excess (often from a pituitary tumor), causing muscle loss, elevated glucose, and water retention.
  • Addison's disease manifests as deficits in glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, leading to weight loss, and potential severe dehydration.
  • Hypoparathyroidism may result from surgical trauma, leading to low calcium levels that can be life-threatening.

Receptor Activity and Hormonal Response

  • Hormonal response in specific tissues is contingent upon the presence of appropriate receptors.
  • Steroid hormones operate by entering cell nuclei and affecting gene expression.
  • Phosphodiesterase degrades second messengers like cAMP or cGMP to modulate hormone signaling.

Structural and Functional Components

  • The hypophyseal portal system transports hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland.
  • The neurohypophysis is not a true endocrine gland but serves as a storage area for hormones created in the hypothalamus.
  • Metastatic calcification leads to calcium deposits in soft tissues, impairing organ function.

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Test your knowledge on the endocrine system with these flashcards from Chapter 16. Explore key hormones, their functions, and the glands responsible for them. Perfect for mastering the concepts of endocrine physiology.

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