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Questions and Answers
What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?
What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?
Control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone
Insulin-like growth factors are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?
Insulin-like growth factors are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?
Growth hormone
Which hormone is regulated by a neuroendocrine 'letdown' reflex?
Which hormone is regulated by a neuroendocrine 'letdown' reflex?
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?
What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?
What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?
What is a polypeptide hormone released by the parafolicular cells?
What is a polypeptide hormone released by the parafolicular cells?
Follicular cells produce which glycoprotein?
Follicular cells produce which glycoprotein?
Which gland secretes the most important hormone controlling calcium balance in the blood?
Which gland secretes the most important hormone controlling calcium balance in the blood?
What hormone released by the anterior pituitary targets the adrenal cortex when the body is under stress?
What hormone released by the anterior pituitary targets the adrenal cortex when the body is under stress?
Which condition would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands?
Which condition would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands?
Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland structure with the class of hormones it produces?
Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland structure with the class of hormones it produces?
Damage to which brain structure could cause central diabetes insipidus?
Damage to which brain structure could cause central diabetes insipidus?
The word root that means phosphate or phosphorus is?
The word root that means phosphate or phosphorus is?
The word root that means feeding or eating is?
The word root that means feeding or eating is?
The word root that means urine is?
The word root that means urine is?
The word root that means attracted specifically to the specified organ or tissue is?
The word root that means attracted specifically to the specified organ or tissue is?
The word root that means blood or lymph vessels is?
The word root that means blood or lymph vessels is?
An enzyme that degrades second messengers like cAMP or cGMP is called?
An enzyme that degrades second messengers like cAMP or cGMP is called?
FSH and LH are examples of which type of hormones?
FSH and LH are examples of which type of hormones?
Overproduction of urine is a sign of what condition?
Overproduction of urine is a sign of what condition?
Upon the release of renin, which hormone is produced and stimulates vasoconstriction?
Upon the release of renin, which hormone is produced and stimulates vasoconstriction?
Overeating, or __________, is a sign associated with diabetes mellitus.
Overeating, or __________, is a sign associated with diabetes mellitus.
Atrial natriuretic peptide secreted by the heart has the opposite function of __________.
Atrial natriuretic peptide secreted by the heart has the opposite function of __________.
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on?
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on?
The hypothalamus controls the activity of the thyroid, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland.
The hypothalamus controls the activity of the thyroid, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is inhibited by alcohol.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is inhibited by alcohol.
Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. What hormone is recommended for her treatment?
Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. What hormone is recommended for her treatment?
What system transports several hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?
What system transports several hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?
Which of these would be an effect of an excess of thyroid hormones?
Which of these would be an effect of an excess of thyroid hormones?
Steroid hormones exert their action by?
Steroid hormones exert their action by?
What is the primary function of hormones?
What is the primary function of hormones?
The major targets of growth hormone are?
The major targets of growth hormone are?
Acromegaly is a condition resulting from the over-secretion of?
Acromegaly is a condition resulting from the over-secretion of?
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones matured by the?
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones matured by the?
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular?
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular?
The alteration in blood levels of vital ions and nutrients causes the secretion of a hormone. This type of endocrine gland stimuli is known as?
The alteration in blood levels of vital ions and nutrients causes the secretion of a hormone. This type of endocrine gland stimuli is known as?
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called?
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called?
Which of the following is a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following is a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
Oxytocin release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism.
Oxytocin release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism.
Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by?
Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by?
Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as?
Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as?
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on?
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on?
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because?
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because?
Steroid hormones exert their action by?
Steroid hormones exert their action by?
The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium through?
The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium through?
Insulin is synthesized by which cells of the pancreas?
Insulin is synthesized by which cells of the pancreas?
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract is partly contained within?
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract is partly contained within?
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to?
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by?
Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves?
Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves?
Hyperglycemia refers to?
Hyperglycemia refers to?
Addison's disease is characterized by deficits in which hormones?
Addison's disease is characterized by deficits in which hormones?
Cushing's syndrome results from excess of which hormone?
Cushing's syndrome results from excess of which hormone?
Aldosteronism is caused by hypersecretion of?
Aldosteronism is caused by hypersecretion of?
Hypoparathyroidism can lead to?
Hypoparathyroidism can lead to?
Metastatic calcification occurs when?
Metastatic calcification occurs when?
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Study Notes
Hormones and Their Functions
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates cortisol production from the adrenal gland, responding mainly to stress.
- Ventral hypothalamic neurons control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and other anterior pituitary hormones.
- Growth hormone (GH) stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) from the liver, essential for growth in bones and skin.
- Oxytocin release is triggered by infant sucking, promoting milk let-down and uterine contractions.
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin, is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary.
Thyroid Hormones and Regulation
- Negative feedback regulates circulating levels of thyroid hormone, decreasing TSH release when thyroid hormone levels are high.
- Calcitonin, produced by parafollicular cells, helps regulate calcium levels alongside parathyroid hormone (PTH).
- Thyroglobulin is a glycoprotein produced by follicular cells in the thyroid.
Calcium Homeostasis
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is crucial for maintaining calcium balance, stimulating bone resorption, and reducing urinary excretion of calcium.
- PTH secretion is triggered by low blood calcium levels and inhibited when calcium levels are high.
- Increase in blood pressure promotes renin release from the kidneys, leading to aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex.
Hormonal Actions and Feedback Mechanisms
- Gonadotropic hormones like FSH and LH target the ovaries and testes.
- Angiotensin II stimulates vasoconstriction and aldosterone release after renin is secreted.
- Atrial natriuretic peptide opposes aldosterone’s function, reducing blood pressure.
Diabetes and Related Conditions
- Diabetes mellitus presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
- Type 1 diabetes involves a lack of insulin production by beta cells, necessitating insulin dependency.
- Type 2 diabetes is marked by insufficient insulin production or resistance, typically not requiring insulin for survival.
- Hyperglycemia is characterized by elevated blood glucose, leading to increased metabolic rate and cardiovascular issues.
Hormonal Imbalances
- Cushing's syndrome results from glucocorticoid excess (often from a pituitary tumor), causing muscle loss, elevated glucose, and water retention.
- Addison's disease manifests as deficits in glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, leading to weight loss, and potential severe dehydration.
- Hypoparathyroidism may result from surgical trauma, leading to low calcium levels that can be life-threatening.
Receptor Activity and Hormonal Response
- Hormonal response in specific tissues is contingent upon the presence of appropriate receptors.
- Steroid hormones operate by entering cell nuclei and affecting gene expression.
- Phosphodiesterase degrades second messengers like cAMP or cGMP to modulate hormone signaling.
Structural and Functional Components
- The hypophyseal portal system transports hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland.
- The neurohypophysis is not a true endocrine gland but serves as a storage area for hormones created in the hypothalamus.
- Metastatic calcification leads to calcium deposits in soft tissues, impairing organ function.
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