Endocrine System and Metabolism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What process is primarily stimulated by insulin to convert glucose into glycogen?

  • Glycogenesis (correct)
  • Glycogenolysis
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Lipogenesis

Which of the following processes involves the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose?

  • Glycogenolysis (correct)
  • Glycogenesis
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Lipid oxidation

Which gland is involved in the endocrine system and helps coordinate the body's homeostasis?

  • Thymus
  • Liver
  • Pancreas (correct)
  • Kidney

What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?

<p>Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process converts fats or proteins into glucose?

<p>Gluconeogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone is unable to cross the cell membrane due to its hydrophilic nature?

<p>Peptide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do steroid hormones typically bind to form a hormone receptor complex?

<p>In the cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transport for peptide hormones in the bloodstream?

<p>Dissolved in blood plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is classified as a steroid?

<p>Testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of amine hormones distinguishes them from peptide hormones?

<p>Amine hormones cannot cross the cell membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormones can pass through the cell membrane to bind with receptors inside the cell?

<p>Steroid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is an example of a peptide hormone?

<p>Oxytocin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are steroid hormones typically transported in the bloodstream?

<p>Attached to carrier proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of insulin on blood glucose levels?

<p>It promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low?

<p>Glucagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus play in the endocrine system?

<p>It initiates endocrine responses based on received information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does enzyme amplification enhance hormonal effects?

<p>By activating multiple enzyme molecules from one hormone molecule. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is primarily influenced by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus?

<p>Anterior pituitary gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hormone levels when target cells reduce the number of receptors in high hormone conditions?

<p>Hormonal sensitivity decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones regulates both blood glucose levels and glycogen storage?

<p>Insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way in which hormones are eventually removed from the system?

<p>They are broken down by enzymes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of oxytocin and ADH from neurosecretory cells?

<p>Nerve impulse/action potential from the hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are oxytocin and ADH stored before their release?

<p>In the axon terminals of the posterior pituitary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transport for releasing factors from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?

<p>Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones' secretion is primarily influenced by the releasing factors from the hypothalamus?

<p>hGH and TSH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary regarding hormone production?

<p>The hypothalamus produces hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?

<p>Reduce reabsorption of calcium and move phosphate into bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does parathormone play when blood calcium levels are low?

<p>Increases reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys and promotes bone breakdown (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which glands secrete hormones that are responsible for the maturation of T-lymphocytes?

<p>Thymus glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of adrenaline released from the adrenal medulla?

<p>Stimulates nerve signals in response to threats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does calcitonin and parathormone interact with each other?

<p>They are antagonistic hormones with opposing actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?

<p>Reduce sodium and increase potassium in urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone secreted by the pancreas is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels?

<p>Insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of cortisol in the body?

<p>Help the body withstand stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition does noradrenalin primarily prepare the body for?

<p>Fight-or-flight responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormones are primarily produced in the ovaries?

<p>Estrogen and Progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is responsible for both exocrine and endocrine functions?

<p>Pancreas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hormones released by tissues in the digestive system?

<p>Coordinate with exocrine glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hormone secreted by the heart?

<p>Help reduce blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Glycogenesis

Formation of glycogen from glucose.

Glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

Gluconeogenesis

Conversion of fats or proteins into glucose.

Endocrine System

Body system using hormones for cell communication.

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Endocrine gland

Secrete hormones directly into the blood.

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Steroid Hormone

Lipid-derived hormones, soluble in lipids, that can cross cell membranes.

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Peptide Hormone

Short protein chains, water-soluble, and cannot cross cell membranes.

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Amine Hormone

Hormones derived from amino acids, water-soluble hormones, and cannot cross cell membranes.

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Hormone solubility

Hormones can be either water-soluble (hydrophilic) or lipid-soluble (lipophilic).

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Hormone transport in blood

Water-soluble hormones travel dissolved in blood plasma. Lipid-soluble hormones bind to carrier proteins.

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Cellular receptor location - peptide

Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface because they can't pass through the cell membrane.

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Cellular receptor location - steroid

Steroid hormones bind to receptors inside the cell (cytoplasm or nucleus) as they can pass through the cell membrane.

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Hormone-receptor complex

The complex formed when a hormone binds to its receptor, initiating a cellular response.

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Hormone Target Cells

Specific cells that a hormone can bind to and influence. Different hormones have different target cells, leading to varying effects in the body.

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Insulin & Glucagon: Opposing Actions

Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose storage as glycogen, while glucagon raises blood glucose by breaking down glycogen into glucose.

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Enzyme Amplification

A single hormone molecule can activate many enzyme molecules, leading to a large effect from a small stimulus.

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Hormone Regulation: Turning Off

Mechanisms that stop hormone action include hormone breakdown, receptor downregulation, and negative feedback.

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Hypothalamus: Brain's Control Center

A brain region crucial for regulating body temperature, appetite, sleep, and other functions. It connects the nervous and endocrine systems.

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Hypothalamus: Linking Nervous & Endocrine Systems

The hypothalamus receives information from the nervous system and triggers appropriate endocrine responses, ensuring homeostasis.

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Neurosecretory Cells

Specialized cells in the hypothalamus that release hormones into the blood, influencing the anterior pituitary gland.

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Releasing & Inhibiting Factors

Hormones from the hypothalamus that regulate the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.

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Calcitonin's action on calcium

Calcitonin reduces calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and bone breakdown, lowering blood calcium levels.

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Hypothalamus-Pituitary Connection

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to regulate hormone release. The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting factors that control the anterior pituitary, while the posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

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Parathormone's action on calcium

Parathormone increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and bone breakdown, raising blood calcium levels.

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Hypothalamic-Hypophysial Portal System

A specialized blood vessel network that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary, allowing for the transportation of releasing and inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

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Calcitonin and Parathormone: Antagonistic

Calcitonin and parathormone have opposite effects on blood calcium levels, working against each other to maintain balance.

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Adrenaline: Role

Adrenaline is released in stressful situations, preparing the body for 'fight or flight' by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy availability.

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Hormone Release from Posterior Pituitary

Hormones such as oxytocin and ADH are produced in the hypothalamus, transported to the posterior pituitary, and stored in axon terminals. Nervous stimulation triggers their release.

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Anterior Pituitary Hormone Release

The anterior pituitary releases hormones based on signals received from the hypothalamus. Releasing factors stimulate hormone production and release, while inhibiting factors suppress hormone production.

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Thymus: Function

The thymus gland produces thymosin, which helps mature T-lymphocytes, specialized white blood cells that fight off infections.

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What does noradrenalin do during fight-or-flight?

Noradrenalin increases the rate and force of the heartbeat, preparing the body for action.

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What is the adrenal cortex?

A part of the adrenal gland that produces hormones like aldosterone and cortisol.

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What does aldosterone do?

Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to reduce sodium and increase potassium in urine.

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What does cortisol do?

Cortisol helps the body withstand stress, promotes normal metabolism, and repairs damaged tissue.

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What are islets of Langerhans?

Clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones like insulin and glucagon.

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What effect does insulin have on blood glucose?

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage.

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What are androgens?

Male sex hormones produced in the testes, like testosterone.

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What are estrogens and progesterone?

Female sex hormones produced in the ovaries.

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Study Notes

Glycogenesis

  • Formation of glycogen from other carbohydrates, especially glucose
  • Glucose → Glycogen

Glycogenolysis

  • Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
  • Glycogen → glucose

Gluconeogenesis

  • Conversion of fats or proteins into glucose
  • Fat/Protein → Glucose

Endocrine System

  • Body system involved in chemical communication between cells
  • Made of endocrine glands
  • Coordinates body functions to maintain homeostasis
  • Releases chemical messengers called hormones
  • Includes Hypothalamus, Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid and parathyroid, Thymus, Liver, Stomach, Adrenal, Stomach, Pancreas, Ovary, Testes, Uterus

Endocrine Glands

  • Secrete hormones
  • Secretes hormones into the extracellular fluid
  • Hormones are transported in the blood

Exocrine Glands

  • Secrete substances into a duct
  • Substances move to body surface or body cavities

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Assessment Task 5 FST Year 11 ATAR Course 2024 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the endocrine system and its role in metabolism. This quiz covers key processes like glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, as well as the function of various endocrine glands. Challenge yourself to understand how hormones regulate body functions!

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