Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system?
- Dilate eyes and bronchioles, increase blood flow to muscles, and decrease blood flow to digestive organs (correct)
- Release acetylcholine and decrease the release of norepinephrine
- Activate sweat glands, decrease heart rate, and decrease blood pressure
- Constrict eyes and bronchioles, decrease blood flow to muscles, and increase blood flow to digestive organs
Which part of the spinal cord does the sympathetic division originate from?
Which part of the spinal cord does the sympathetic division originate from?
- Sacral
- Cervical
- Thoracic (correct)
- Lumbar
Where are the collateral ganglia located in the sympathetic nervous system?
Where are the collateral ganglia located in the sympathetic nervous system?
- At the same level as the target effector
- Within the spinal cord
- Just outside the vertebral column
- Closer to the target effector (correct)
How are sympathetic axons different before and after the ganglia?
How are sympathetic axons different before and after the ganglia?
What type of synapses are activated by acetylcholine?
What type of synapses are activated by acetylcholine?
Which cranial nerve carries fibers to control pupil size?
Which cranial nerve carries fibers to control pupil size?
What is the function of varicosities in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the function of varicosities in the autonomic nervous system?
Which system is referred to as the 'cranial sacral system'?
Which system is referred to as the 'cranial sacral system'?
What is the term used for the increase in blood pressure and heart rate when a person stands up?
What is the term used for the increase in blood pressure and heart rate when a person stands up?
What type of receptors are activated by nicotine?
What type of receptors are activated by nicotine?
In which part of the body does CN X innervate the organs?
In which part of the body does CN X innervate the organs?
What is the term for an area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters and is spread through the length of the nerve?
What is the term for an area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters and is spread through the length of the nerve?
Which system exerts more control over the heart under normal conditions?
Which system exerts more control over the heart under normal conditions?
What type of receptors are activated by norepinephrine and epinephrine?
What type of receptors are activated by norepinephrine and epinephrine?
Which part of the body does CN VII control?
Which part of the body does CN VII control?
What is the term for an increase in blood pressure and heart rate when a person stands up?
What is the term for an increase in blood pressure and heart rate when a person stands up?
What is the primary function of the amygdala?
What is the primary function of the amygdala?
Which part of the nervous system does nicotine primarily affect?
Which part of the nervous system does nicotine primarily affect?
Which type of drugs enhance the parasympathetic response?
Which type of drugs enhance the parasympathetic response?
What is the function of anticholinergic drugs?
What is the function of anticholinergic drugs?
Where do lipid soluble hormones travel to activate a hormone receptor?
Where do lipid soluble hormones travel to activate a hormone receptor?
Which second messenger is most commonly used for carrying the message of amino acid hormones?
Which second messenger is most commonly used for carrying the message of amino acid hormones?
What does phosphorylate mean in the context of hormone activation?
What does phosphorylate mean in the context of hormone activation?
What is the function of phosphodiesterase (PDE) in hormone signaling?
What is the function of phosphodiesterase (PDE) in hormone signaling?
What is a characteristic of lipid soluble hormones?
What is a characteristic of lipid soluble hormones?
What is the role of G protein in hormone signaling?
What is the role of G protein in hormone signaling?
What is the primary function of endogenous chemicals in the body?
What is the primary function of endogenous chemicals in the body?
What is the function of exogenous chemicals in the body?
What is the function of exogenous chemicals in the body?
What is the primary function of estrogen?
What is the primary function of estrogen?
Which hormone is responsible for decreasing blood glucose levels by getting glucose into cells that need energy?
Which hormone is responsible for decreasing blood glucose levels by getting glucose into cells that need energy?
What is the role of human placental lactogen (hPL) produced by the placenta?
What is the role of human placental lactogen (hPL) produced by the placenta?
Which hormone inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon?
Which hormone inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon?
What is the process of breaking down stored triglycerides into free fatty acids or glycerol called?
What is the process of breaking down stored triglycerides into free fatty acids or glycerol called?
Which organ produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in response to atrial stretch due to increase in blood pressure?
Which organ produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in response to atrial stretch due to increase in blood pressure?
What does cholecystokinin do?
What does cholecystokinin do?
What hormone stimulates blood cell production in the bone marrow?
What hormone stimulates blood cell production in the bone marrow?
Which tissue produces leptin that regulates bone metabolism and makes a person feel full after eating?
Which tissue produces leptin that regulates bone metabolism and makes a person feel full after eating?
What is the inactive form of vitamin D produced by the skin?
What is the inactive form of vitamin D produced by the skin?
Which cells make up 20% of each pancreatic islet and produce glucagon?
Which cells make up 20% of each pancreatic islet and produce glucagon?
What hormone does the pancreas produce to decrease blood glucose levels?
What hormone does the pancreas produce to decrease blood glucose levels?
What is the role of DAG in the cell?
What is the role of DAG in the cell?
What happens when downregulation occurs in cells?
What happens when downregulation occurs in cells?
What is the opposite of downregulation in target cells?
What is the opposite of downregulation in target cells?
What is the permissive effect of a hormone?
What is the permissive effect of a hormone?
What happens when two hormones with similar effects produce a synergistic effect?
What happens when two hormones with similar effects produce a synergistic effect?
What is the antagonistic effect of two hormones?
What is the antagonistic effect of two hormones?
What is the function of the infundibulum in the endocrine system?
What is the function of the infundibulum in the endocrine system?
Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary during childbirth?
Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary during childbirth?
What is the primary function of a reticulocyte?
What is the primary function of a reticulocyte?
How do erythrocytes obtain their energy for survival?
How do erythrocytes obtain their energy for survival?
What is the main function of hemoglobin within an erythrocyte?
What is the main function of hemoglobin within an erythrocyte?
Why do erythrocytes have a thin middle and a plump periphery?
Why do erythrocytes have a thin middle and a plump periphery?
What causes elevated hematocrit levels in individuals living at high elevations?
What causes elevated hematocrit levels in individuals living at high elevations?
Which condition is characterized by the abnormal shape of erythrocytes and reduced oxygen-carrying capacity?
Which condition is characterized by the abnormal shape of erythrocytes and reduced oxygen-carrying capacity?
What is the primary role of basophils among granular leukocytes?
What is the primary role of basophils among granular leukocytes?
Which leukocyte is known for its quick response to bacterial infections?
Which leukocyte is known for its quick response to bacterial infections?
What is the main function of T cells among lymphocytes?
What is the main function of T cells among lymphocytes?
What is the characteristic feature of agranular leukocytes?
What is the characteristic feature of agranular leukocytes?
What is the main cause of vitamin deficient anemia?
What is the main cause of vitamin deficient anemia?
What is the primary role of monocytes among leukocytes?
What is the primary role of monocytes among leukocytes?
What causes an increase in heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure?
What causes an increase in heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure?
Which hormone increases sodium levels?
Which hormone increases sodium levels?
What stimulates the fight or flight response?
What stimulates the fight or flight response?
What inhibits the inflammatory response and increases blood glucose levels?
What inhibits the inflammatory response and increases blood glucose levels?
Which gland secretes a hormone that decreases blood calcium levels?
Which gland secretes a hormone that decreases blood calcium levels?
Which hormone stimulates tryiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) secretion into the bloodstream?
Which hormone stimulates tryiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) secretion into the bloodstream?
What is the most common hormone produced by mineralocorticoids?
What is the most common hormone produced by mineralocorticoids?
Which gland is posterior to the hypothalamus and secretes melatonin?
Which gland is posterior to the hypothalamus and secretes melatonin?
What stimulates the retina of the eye and promotes wakefulness?
What stimulates the retina of the eye and promotes wakefulness?
Which hormone helps to supplement androgen production of the gonads?
Which hormone helps to supplement androgen production of the gonads?
Which hormone blocks the body’s release of iron?
Which hormone blocks the body’s release of iron?
What is the main function of erythrocytes?
What is the main function of erythrocytes?
Which protein is the most common in blood plasma and transports fatty acids and steroid hormones?
Which protein is the most common in blood plasma and transports fatty acids and steroid hormones?
What is the percentage of erythrocytes in blood, as mentioned in the text?
What is the percentage of erythrocytes in blood, as mentioned in the text?
With aging, which hormones decrease?
With aging, which hormones decrease?
What is the hematocrit a measure of?
What is the hematocrit a measure of?
From where does hemopoiesis occur?
From where does hemopoiesis occur?
Which type of stem cells become erythrocytes, platelets, monocytes, or granular leukocytes?
Which type of stem cells become erythrocytes, platelets, monocytes, or granular leukocytes?
What causes the hemocytoblast to divide and differentiate?
What causes the hemocytoblast to divide and differentiate?
What is the primary function of Thrombopoietin?
What is the primary function of Thrombopoietin?
What is the main function of Parathyroid hormone?
What is the main function of Parathyroid hormone?
What happens to blood viscosity when compared to water?
What happens to blood viscosity when compared to water?
Which hormone can help in the regulation of blood pressure?
Which hormone can help in the regulation of blood pressure?
What is the primary function of hepcidin in the body?
What is the primary function of hepcidin in the body?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating platelet production?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating platelet production?
What is the primary role of parathyroid hormone?
What is the primary role of parathyroid hormone?
How does time affect insulin sensitivity and insulin production in cells?
How does time affect insulin sensitivity and insulin production in cells?
Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for protecting the body from external and internal threats like bacteria and viruses?
Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for protecting the body from external and internal threats like bacteria and viruses?
What is the main function of platelets in the body?
What is the main function of platelets in the body?
What is the primary role of erythrocytes in the body?
What is the primary role of erythrocytes in the body?
What is the main function of albumin, the most common plasma protein?
What is the main function of albumin, the most common plasma protein?
What is the primary function of globulins, the second most common plasma protein?
What is the primary function of globulins, the second most common plasma protein?
What is the least common plasma protein and what is its importance?
What is the least common plasma protein and what is its importance?
