93 Questions
What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Dilate eyes and bronchioles, increase blood flow to muscles, and decrease blood flow to digestive organs
Which part of the spinal cord does the sympathetic division originate from?
Thoracic
Where are the collateral ganglia located in the sympathetic nervous system?
Closer to the target effector
How are sympathetic axons different before and after the ganglia?
Before the ganglia they are unmyelinated and short, after they are myelinated and longer
What type of synapses are activated by acetylcholine?
Cholinergic synapses
Which cranial nerve carries fibers to control pupil size?
CN III
What is the function of varicosities in the autonomic nervous system?
Spread through the length of the nerve
Which system is referred to as the 'cranial sacral system'?
Parasympathetic nervous system
What is the term used for the increase in blood pressure and heart rate when a person stands up?
Orthostatic hypotension
What type of receptors are activated by nicotine?
Nicotinic receptors
In which part of the body does CN X innervate the organs?
Thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity
What is the term for an area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters and is spread through the length of the nerve?
Varicosity
Which system exerts more control over the heart under normal conditions?
Parasympathetic nervous system
What type of receptors are activated by norepinephrine and epinephrine?
Alpha and beta receptors
Which part of the body does CN VII control?
Saliva and tear production
What is the term for an increase in blood pressure and heart rate when a person stands up?
Orthostatic hypotension
What is the primary function of the amygdala?
Influencing the hypothalamus based on emotional states
Which part of the nervous system does nicotine primarily affect?
Sympathetic nervous system
Which type of drugs enhance the parasympathetic response?
Parasympathomimetic drugs
What is the function of anticholinergic drugs?
Reduce the parasympathetic response
Where do lipid soluble hormones travel to activate a hormone receptor?
Nucleus
Which second messenger is most commonly used for carrying the message of amino acid hormones?
Cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP)
What does phosphorylate mean in the context of hormone activation?
To add a phosphate group to
What is the function of phosphodiesterase (PDE) in hormone signaling?
To turn off cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP)
What is a characteristic of lipid soluble hormones?
They need help from proteins to travel through the cardiovascular system
What is the role of G protein in hormone signaling?
To split a phospholipid into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3)
What is the primary function of endogenous chemicals in the body?
To make slow-acting hormones for maintaining homeostasis
What is the function of exogenous chemicals in the body?
To come from outside the body
What is the primary function of estrogen?
Developing the reproductive system
Which hormone is responsible for decreasing blood glucose levels by getting glucose into cells that need energy?
Insulin
What is the role of human placental lactogen (hPL) produced by the placenta?
Preparing the breasts for lactation
Which hormone inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon?
Somatostatin
What is the process of breaking down stored triglycerides into free fatty acids or glycerol called?
Lipolysis
Which organ produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in response to atrial stretch due to increase in blood pressure?
Heart
What does cholecystokinin do?
Promotes pancreatic enzyme and bile production
What hormone stimulates blood cell production in the bone marrow?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Which tissue produces leptin that regulates bone metabolism and makes a person feel full after eating?
Adipose tissue
What is the inactive form of vitamin D produced by the skin?
Cholecalciferol
Which cells make up 20% of each pancreatic islet and produce glucagon?
Alpha cells
What hormone does the pancreas produce to decrease blood glucose levels?
Insulin
What is the role of DAG in the cell?
Activates protein kinases to start phosphorylation
What happens when downregulation occurs in cells?
The number of receptors decreases due to excessive stimulation
What is the opposite of downregulation in target cells?
Upregulation
What is the permissive effect of a hormone?
Enables another hormone to act
What happens when two hormones with similar effects produce a synergistic effect?
Amplify the total effect
What is the antagonistic effect of two hormones?
They have opposite effects and may cancel each other out
What is the function of the infundibulum in the endocrine system?
Connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary during childbirth?
Oxytocin
What is the primary function of a reticulocyte?
To mature into an erythrocyte
How do erythrocytes obtain their energy for survival?
By anaerobic respiration
What is the main function of hemoglobin within an erythrocyte?
To carry and transport oxygen
Why do erythrocytes have a thin middle and a plump periphery?
To increase their flexibility
What causes elevated hematocrit levels in individuals living at high elevations?
Decreased oxygen in the air
Which condition is characterized by the abnormal shape of erythrocytes and reduced oxygen-carrying capacity?
Anemia
What is the primary role of basophils among granular leukocytes?
Release of histamine and heparin
Which leukocyte is known for its quick response to bacterial infections?
Neutrophil
What is the main function of T cells among lymphocytes?
Attack on infected cells
What is the characteristic feature of agranular leukocytes?
They have a complete cell structure with a nucleus
What is the main cause of vitamin deficient anemia?
Insufficient iron intake
What is the primary role of monocytes among leukocytes?
Differentiation into macrophages and dendritic cells
What causes an increase in heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure?
Thyroid hormone
Which hormone increases sodium levels?
Aldosterone
What stimulates the fight or flight response?
Epinephrine
What inhibits the inflammatory response and increases blood glucose levels?
Cortisol
Which gland secretes a hormone that decreases blood calcium levels?
Pineal gland
Which hormone stimulates tryiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) secretion into the bloodstream?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
What is the most common hormone produced by mineralocorticoids?
Aldosterone
Which gland is posterior to the hypothalamus and secretes melatonin?
Pineal gland
What stimulates the retina of the eye and promotes wakefulness?
Blue light
Which hormone helps to supplement androgen production of the gonads?
Androgens
Which hormone blocks the body’s release of iron?
Hepcidin
What is the main function of erythrocytes?
Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
Which protein is the most common in blood plasma and transports fatty acids and steroid hormones?
Albumin
What is the percentage of erythrocytes in blood, as mentioned in the text?
25%
With aging, which hormones decrease?
Aldosterone, cortisol, and thyroid hormones
What is the hematocrit a measure of?
The percentage of red blood cells in blood
From where does hemopoiesis occur?
Red marrow in bones
Which type of stem cells become erythrocytes, platelets, monocytes, or granular leukocytes?
Myeloid stem cells
What causes the hemocytoblast to divide and differentiate?
Hemopoietic growth factor
What is the primary function of Thrombopoietin?
Stimulating platelet production
What is the main function of Parathyroid hormone?
Increasing calcium levels
What happens to blood viscosity when compared to water?
It is much greater than water
Which hormone can help in the regulation of blood pressure?
Angiotensinogen
What is the primary function of hepcidin in the body?
Blocking the release of iron
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating platelet production?
Thrombopoietin
What is the primary role of parathyroid hormone?
Increasing calcium levels
How does time affect insulin sensitivity and insulin production in cells?
Decreases both insulin production and sensitivity
Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for protecting the body from external and internal threats like bacteria and viruses?
Lymphocytes
What is the main function of platelets in the body?
Coagulation and stopping bleeding
What is the primary role of erythrocytes in the body?
Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is the main function of albumin, the most common plasma protein?
Transporting fatty acids and steroid hormones
What is the primary function of globulins, the second most common plasma protein?
Transporting iron, lipids, and vitamins
What is the least common plasma protein and what is its importance?
Fibrinogen, important for blood clotting
Test your knowledge of the endocrine system and hormonal changes that occur as we grow and develop. This quiz covers topics such as angiotensinogen, thrombopoietin, hepcidin, human growth hormone, insulin, and more.
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