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Questions and Answers
What percentage of cells in the anterior pituitary are somatotrophs?
What percentage of cells in the anterior pituitary are somatotrophs?
- 50% (correct)
- 10-15%
- 20-25%
- 60-65%
What is the primary function of thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary?
What is the primary function of thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary?
- Regulating blood sugar levels
- Stimulating thyroid hormone synthesis (correct)
- Producing insulin
- Regulating blood pressure
What type of cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?
What type of cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?
- Chief cells
- Follicular cells
- Parafollicular cells (correct)
- Oxyphil cells
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex?
What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex?
Which of the following endocrine glands is NOT derived from oral ectoderm?
Which of the following endocrine glands is NOT derived from oral ectoderm?
What type of cells in the anterior pituitary produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
What type of cells in the anterior pituitary produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
What is the primary function of the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)?
What is the primary function of the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)?
Which type of cells in the adenohypophysis produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
Which type of cells in the adenohypophysis produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
What is the primary function of the Pineal Gland?
What is the primary function of the Pineal Gland?
What is the function of somatotrophs in the adenohypophysis?
What is the function of somatotrophs in the adenohypophysis?
What type of kidney structure is characterized by a single renal crest?
What type of kidney structure is characterized by a single renal crest?
What hormone is produced by lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary?
What hormone is produced by lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary?
Which of the following is NOT a type of endocrine cell in the adenohypophysis?
Which of the following is NOT a type of endocrine cell in the adenohypophysis?
What is the primary function of the Urinary System?
What is the primary function of the Urinary System?
What is the primary function of the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex?
What is the primary function of the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex?
What type of endocrine cells are found in the Ovary?
What type of endocrine cells are found in the Ovary?
Which part of the adenohypophysis surrounds the hypophyseal/infundibular stalk?
Which part of the adenohypophysis surrounds the hypophyseal/infundibular stalk?
What type of cells in the parathyroid gland produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
What type of cells in the parathyroid gland produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
What is the primary function of gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary?
What is the primary function of gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary?
Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the adenohypophysis?
Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the adenohypophysis?
What hormone is produced by the Kidney to help regulate blood pressure?
What hormone is produced by the Kidney to help regulate blood pressure?
Which of the following endocrine glands is NOT listed in the content?
Which of the following endocrine glands is NOT listed in the content?
What is the function of the Medullary Ray in the Kidney?
What is the function of the Medullary Ray in the Kidney?
What type of cells are found in the Pineal Gland?
What type of cells are found in the Pineal Gland?
What is the function of the Collecting Tubule in the Kidney?
What is the function of the Collecting Tubule in the Kidney?
What type of endocrine cells are found in the Testis?
What type of endocrine cells are found in the Testis?
What is the function of the Renal Pyramid in the Kidney?
What is the function of the Renal Pyramid in the Kidney?
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Study Notes
Endocrine System
- Regulates metabolic activities in certain organs and tissues of the body
- Produces hormones (chemical substances) through glands, isolated groups of cells within certain organs, and individual cells scattered among parenchymal cells of the body
Endocrine Organs
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Adrenal gland
- Pineal gland
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis Cerebri)
- Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary):
- Pars distalis:
- Chromophils (acidophils, basophils)
- Chromophobes
- Pars intermedia
- Pars tuberalis
- Pars distalis:
- Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary):
- Not a true endocrine gland
- Stores and secretes hormones from hypothalamus
- Infundibular stalk connects hypothalamus to posterior pituitary
Anterior Pituitary Cells
- Somatotrophs: produce growth hormone (GH)
- Lactotrophs: produce prolactin (PRL)
- Thyrotrophs: produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Gonadotrophs: produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Corticotrophs: produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and lipotropin (LPH)
Thyroid Gland
- Produces hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin
- Follicular cells: secrete thyroid hormones (T3, T4)
- Parafollicular cells (clear cells / C cells): secrete calcitonin
Parathyroid Gland
- Regulates blood calcium levels
- Chief (principal) cells: synthesize parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Oxyphil cells: fewer in number, more deeply stained with eosin, and found individually or in clusters at the periphery of the follicle
Adrenal Gland
- Produces two groups of hormones: steroids and catecholamines
- Two main regions: adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
- Adrenal cortex: synthesizes and secretes several steroid hormones, including mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone), glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol and cortisone), and androgens (e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone)
- Adrenal medulla: produces catecholamines, including epinephrine and norepinephrine
Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri)
- Projection of the roof of the diencephalon
- Covered by pia mater
- Secretions influenced by light and dark periods
- Cells: pinealocytes (secrete serotonin and melatonin) and interstitial cells (modified astrocytes)
Other Endocrine Tissues and Cells
- Islets of Langerhans: alpha cells (glucagon), beta cells (insulin), delta cells (somatostatin), and PP cells (pancreatic polypeptide)
- Endocrine cells of the ovary: follicular epithelial cells (granulosa cells) and theca cells
- Endocrine cells of the testis: interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
- Diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES): scattered in the epithelium throughout the respiratory, urinary, reproductive, and digestive systems
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