28 Questions
What percentage of cells in the anterior pituitary are somatotrophs?
50%
What is the primary function of thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary?
Stimulating thyroid hormone synthesis
What type of cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?
Parafollicular cells
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
Regulation of metabolic activities in certain organs and tissues
What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex?
Synthesizing and secreting steroid hormones
Which of the following endocrine glands is NOT derived from oral ectoderm?
Neurohypophysis
What type of cells in the anterior pituitary produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
Corticotrophs
What is the primary function of the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)?
Storing and secreting hormones from the hypothalamus
Which type of cells in the adenohypophysis produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
Basophils
What is the primary function of the Pineal Gland?
Modulation of sleep-wake cycles in response to light and dark periods
What is the function of somatotrophs in the adenohypophysis?
Production of growth hormone
What type of kidney structure is characterized by a single renal crest?
Unilobar
What hormone is produced by lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary?
Prolactin
Which of the following is NOT a type of endocrine cell in the adenohypophysis?
Nephrons
What is the primary function of the Urinary System?
Removal of toxic by-products of metabolism from the blood stream and urine from the body
What is the primary function of the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex?
Synthesizing and secreting mineralocorticoids
What type of endocrine cells are found in the Ovary?
Follicular epithelial cells (granulosa cells) and theca cells
Which part of the adenohypophysis surrounds the hypophyseal/infundibular stalk?
Pars tuberalis
What type of cells in the parathyroid gland produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Chief cells
What is the primary function of gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary?
Stimulating ovarian follicle development and estrogen secretion
Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the adenohypophysis?
Insulin
What hormone is produced by the Kidney to help regulate blood pressure?
Renin
Which of the following endocrine glands is NOT listed in the content?
Kidney
What is the function of the Medullary Ray in the Kidney?
Connection of the cortex to the medulla
What type of cells are found in the Pineal Gland?
Pinealocytes and interstitial cells
What is the function of the Collecting Tubule in the Kidney?
Collection and transport of urine
What type of endocrine cells are found in the Testis?
Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
What is the function of the Renal Pyramid in the Kidney?
Collection and transport of urine
Study Notes
Endocrine System
- Regulates metabolic activities in certain organs and tissues of the body
- Produces hormones (chemical substances) through glands, isolated groups of cells within certain organs, and individual cells scattered among parenchymal cells of the body
Endocrine Organs
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Adrenal gland
- Pineal gland
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis Cerebri)
- Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary):
- Pars distalis:
- Chromophils (acidophils, basophils)
- Chromophobes
- Pars intermedia
- Pars tuberalis
- Pars distalis:
- Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary):
- Not a true endocrine gland
- Stores and secretes hormones from hypothalamus
- Infundibular stalk connects hypothalamus to posterior pituitary
Anterior Pituitary Cells
- Somatotrophs: produce growth hormone (GH)
- Lactotrophs: produce prolactin (PRL)
- Thyrotrophs: produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Gonadotrophs: produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Corticotrophs: produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and lipotropin (LPH)
Thyroid Gland
- Produces hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin
- Follicular cells: secrete thyroid hormones (T3, T4)
- Parafollicular cells (clear cells / C cells): secrete calcitonin
Parathyroid Gland
- Regulates blood calcium levels
- Chief (principal) cells: synthesize parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Oxyphil cells: fewer in number, more deeply stained with eosin, and found individually or in clusters at the periphery of the follicle
Adrenal Gland
- Produces two groups of hormones: steroids and catecholamines
- Two main regions: adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
- Adrenal cortex: synthesizes and secretes several steroid hormones, including mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone), glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol and cortisone), and androgens (e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone)
- Adrenal medulla: produces catecholamines, including epinephrine and norepinephrine
Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri)
- Projection of the roof of the diencephalon
- Covered by pia mater
- Secretions influenced by light and dark periods
- Cells: pinealocytes (secrete serotonin and melatonin) and interstitial cells (modified astrocytes)
Other Endocrine Tissues and Cells
- Islets of Langerhans: alpha cells (glucagon), beta cells (insulin), delta cells (somatostatin), and PP cells (pancreatic polypeptide)
- Endocrine cells of the ovary: follicular epithelial cells (granulosa cells) and theca cells
- Endocrine cells of the testis: interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
- Diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES): scattered in the epithelium throughout the respiratory, urinary, reproductive, and digestive systems
Learn about the endocrine system, which regulates metabolic activities in certain organs and tissues of the body, producing hormones and consisting of glands, isolated groups of cells, and individual cells.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
