Endocrine Physiology Basics

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Questions and Answers

What is the result of glucose increasing the interaction of insulin mRNA with RNA-binding proteins?

  • Decreased insulin levels
  • Inhibited peptide hormone processing
  • Reduced energy metabolism
  • Increased insulin stability and translation (correct)

What is the main difference between peptide hormones and steroids in terms of secretion?

  • Peptide hormones are stored in vesicles, while steroids are stored in the Golgi apparatus
  • Peptide hormones are secreted through exocytosis, while steroids are secreted through diffusion (correct)
  • Peptide hormones are secreted through diffusion, while steroids are secreted through exocytosis
  • Peptide hormones are synthesized in the cytoplasm, while steroids are synthesized in the nucleus

What is the purpose of posttranslational processing steps in hormone production?

  • To synthesize hormones de novo
  • To decrease the biological activity of hormones
  • To increase the stability of hormones in circulation (correct)
  • To inhibit the secretion of hormones

What is the role of RNA-binding proteins in insulin mRNA regulation?

<p>To enhance the translation of insulin mRNA (A)</p>
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What is the net effect of glucose-mediated insulin mRNA regulation?

<p>A more precise and timely regulation of insulin levels (B)</p>
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What is the common pathway that all hormones enter after synthesis?

<p>Either the constitutive or regulated secretory pathway (A)</p>
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What is the relationship between pulsatile secretion and the activity of oscillators in the hypothalamus?

<p>The oscillators regulate the membrane potential of neurons, leading to pulsatile secretion (B)</p>
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What is the significance of pulsatile secretion in terms of information conveyed to target tissues?

<p>It conveys different information compared to a steady exposure to a single concentration of the hormone (C)</p>
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What is a challenge posed by pulsatile secretion in therapeutic hormone replacement?

<p>Ensuring the hormone is released in a pulsatile manner (C)</p>
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What factor influences circulating levels of hormones in addition to secretion rate and nature?

<p>The rate of hormone degradation and/or uptake (D)</p>
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What is affected by the affinity of a hormone for plasma carriers?

<p>The circulating levels of hormones (C)</p>
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What is the relationship between pulsatile secretion and the release of pituitary and other downstream hormones?

<p>Pulsatile secretion causes the release of pituitary and other downstream hormones in a similar pulsatile manner (A)</p>
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What type of receptor allows for a wider dynamic range of regulation of genes targeted by a hormone?

<p>Steroid receptor (A)</p>
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What is the purpose of feedback regulation in endocrine physiology?

<p>To control the further release of a hormone (C)</p>
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What is the function of negative feedback in endocrine systems?

<p>To inhibit the initial release of a hormone (A)</p>
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In which situations is positive feedback typically seen?

<p>In settings that need to gather momentum for an eventual outcome (A)</p>
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What type of feedback control system is most common in the body?

<p>Negative feedback loop (D)</p>
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What is the purpose of feedback control loops in evaluating patients with suspected endocrine disorders?

<p>To provide diagnostic strategies (B)</p>
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What is the main concern of endocrine physiology?

<p>Maintaining homeostasis (D)</p>
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What makes the endocrine system distinct from other physiological systems?

<p>It operates as a distributed network (D)</p>
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What type of hormones are the most numerous?

<p>Peptide hormones (D)</p>
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What is the reason for the increase in hormone diversity from simple to higher life forms?

<p>To add challenges in providing for homeostasis (A)</p>
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What determines the specificity of certain peptide hormones?

<p>The β chain (D)</p>
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What is a characteristic of hormones that can be grouped into families?

<p>They have similar structures and activate similar receptors (D)</p>
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What is the role of Sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG)?

<p>To bind testosterone and 17β-estradiol (B)</p>
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What is the effect of binding proteins on hormone loss in the urine?

<p>They reduce the rate of hormone loss in the urine (C)</p>
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What is one way to regulate the availability of hormones that bind to carrier proteins?

<p>Regulate the expression and secretion of the carrier proteins (B)</p>
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What can alter levels of binding proteins or displace hormones that are bound to them?

<p>Some medications (A)</p>
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Why is the anatomic relationship of sites of release and action of hormones important?

<p>Because it plays a key role in the regulation of hormones (C)</p>
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What is the purpose of binding proteins in the bloodstream?

<p>To provide a source of hormone that can release free hormone as the equilibrium changes (B)</p>
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What is the primary concern of endocrine physiology?

<p>Maintaining homeostasis in various physiological processes (B)</p>
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What is characteristic of the endocrine system compared to other physiological systems?

<p>It operates as a distributed network (A)</p>
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What is the significance of peptide hormones being heterodimers with a common α chain and a specific β chain?

<p>They allow for specificity in their action (A)</p>
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What is the reason for the increased diversity of hormones in higher life forms?

<p>To provide for homeostasis in more complex organisms (C)</p>
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What is the role of the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system in the endocrine system?

<p>They often influence the endocrine system, along with circulating messengers (D)</p>
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What is characteristic of hormones that can be grouped into families?

<p>They have structural similarities and activate similar receptors (C)</p>
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What is the primary factor that regulates the membrane potential of neurons, leading to pulsatile secretion?

<p>Oscillators in the hypothalamus (C)</p>
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What is the result of pulsatile secretion on the target tissues that it acts upon?

<p>It conveys different information to the target tissues (C)</p>
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What is one of the factors that influence the circulating levels of hormones in addition to the rate of secretion and its nature?

<p>The rates of hormone degradation and uptake (A)</p>
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What is a challenge posed by pulsatile secretion in therapeutic hormone replacement?

<p>It may prove necessary to replace a particular hormone that is normally secreted in a pulsatile manner (A)</p>
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What is the role of the hypophysial blood flow in pulsatile secretion?

<p>It carries hormone releasing factors to the pituitary gland (B)</p>
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What is the relationship between the affinity of a hormone for plasma carriers and its circulating levels?

<p>The higher the affinity, the higher the circulating levels (C)</p>
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What is a possible advantage of having multiple hormones derived from the same precursor?

<p>Genetic economy (A)</p>
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Why are hormone precursors typically inactive?

<p>To provide an additional level of regulatory control (D)</p>
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How do nuclear receptors regulate peptide hormone genes?

<p>By binding to gene promoters (C)</p>
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What is the effect of elevated glucose levels on insulin mRNA translation?

<p>Stimulation of insulin mRNA translation (B)</p>
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What is the function of specific proteases in hormone synthesis?

<p>To process polypeptide chains into mature hormones (B)</p>
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What is the role of thyroid hormone in regulating TSH expression?

<p>Inhibition of TSH expression (D)</p>
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What is the primary function of plasma carriers for specific hormones?

<p>To act as a reservoir of inactive hormones and smooth hormonal fluctuations (C)</p>
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What type of hormones are mostly bound to large proteins called steroid binding proteins?

<p>Steroid hormones (D)</p>
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Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma carriers?

<p>Enhancing the activity of bound hormones (A)</p>
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What is the significance of the bound hormone reservoir?

<p>It helps smooth fluctuations in hormonal levels over time (C)</p>
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What determines the biological activity of hormones in target tissues?

<p>The amount of free hormone (B)</p>
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Why are steroid hormones mostly bound to proteins?

<p>Because they are hydrophobic (C)</p>
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What is the result of hormones being destroyed by passage through the pulmonary circulation or the liver?

<p>A marked curtailment of the temporal window for hormone action (D)</p>
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What is the ultimate outcome of the concerted action of hormones in the body?

<p>Maintenance of homeostasis (B)</p>
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Which hormones are key contributors to homeostasis?

<p>Thyroid hormone, cortisol, parathyroid hormone, vasopressin, mineralocorticoids, and insulin (A)</p>
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How do hydrophilic hormones, such as peptides and catecholamines, exert their acute effects?

<p>By binding to cell surface receptors (D)</p>
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What is the function of the first class of nuclear receptors?

<p>Direct stimulation of transcription (B)</p>
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What is the mechanism of action of the second class of nuclear receptors?

<p>Removal of a transcriptional co-repressor and recruitment of a co-activator (D)</p>
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What is the primary advantage of having multiple hormones derived from the same precursor?

<p>Genetic economy (B)</p>
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How do nuclear receptors regulate peptide hormone gene expression?

<p>By binding to specific motifs in the regulatory regions of hormone genes (A)</p>
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What is the significance of hormone precursors being inactive?

<p>To allow for precise regulation of hormone production (D)</p>
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What is the role of specific proteases in hormone synthesis?

<p>To process hormone precursors into mature hormones (C)</p>
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How do changes in substrate availability affect hormone synthesis?

<p>By controlling the production of key synthetic enzymes (B)</p>
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What is the effect of elevated glucose levels on insulin mRNA translation?

<p>Stimulation of insulin mRNA translation (C)</p>
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What is the primary function of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)?

<p>Trafficking of cholesterol from outer to inner mitochondrial membrane (C)</p>
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What is the effect of phosphorylation on the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)?

<p>Activation of StAR (B)</p>
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What is the result of the activation of StAR by phosphorylation?

<p>Conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone (B)</p>
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What is the significance of the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of the steroid precursor, pregnenolone?

<p>It allows for the regulation of hormone secretion in response to homeostatic cues (D)</p>
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What is the role of extracellular signals in the regulation of StAR expression?

<p>They phosphorylate transcription factors that upregulate StAR expression (C)</p>
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What is the characteristic of hormone secretion that relates to the fact that some hormones are secreted in a pulsatile manner?

<p>It is a continuous process (D)</p>
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What is the primary effect of hormone destruction by the pulmonary circulation or liver?

<p>Curtailment of the temporal window of hormone action (C)</p>
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What is the primary mechanism of action of hydrophobic hormones?

<p>Exerting effects via nuclear receptors (A)</p>
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Which of the following hormones is NOT a key contributor to homeostasis?

<p>Growth hormone (A)</p>
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What is the effect of hormone binding to nuclear receptors on transcription?

<p>Stimulation of transcription (C)</p>
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What is the primary function of hormones in the body?

<p>Maintenance of homeostasis (A)</p>
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What is the characteristic of hydrophilic hormones, including peptides and catecholamines?

<p>They bind to cell surface receptors (C)</p>
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What is the primary function of Sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) in the plasma?

<p>To increase the solubility of lipid-based hormones in the blood (B)</p>
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What is the consequence of altering the expression and secretion of carrier proteins in the plasma?

<p>Altered regulation of hormone synthesis and secretion (D)</p>
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What is the primary advantage of having multiple hormones derived from the same precursor?

<p>Enhanced regulation of hormone synthesis and secretion (B)</p>
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What is the primary mechanism by which hormones are regulated in the plasma?

<p>Binding to carrier proteins (A)</p>
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What is the consequence of displacing hormones from their carrier proteins in the plasma?

<p>Altered regulation of hormone synthesis and secretion (C)</p>
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What is the primary role of transcortin in the plasma?

<p>Binding to corticosteroids (D)</p>
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What is the primary purpose of the feedback control mechanism in the endocrine system?

<p>To maintain a steady state of hormone regulation in the body (C)</p>
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What is the characteristic of negative feedback control systems in the body?

<p>They are involved in the inhibition or dampening of the initial hormone release mechanism (B)</p>
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What is the role of feedback control loops in the evaluation of patients with suspected endocrine disorders?

<p>To provide a diagnostic strategy for evaluating patients with suspected endocrine disorders (A)</p>
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What is the benefit of the wider dynamic range of regulation of genes targeted by a hormone in the latter class of receptor?

<p>It allows for a wider range of regulation of genes targeted by the hormone (D)</p>
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What is the characteristic of positive feedback control systems in the body?

<p>They are typically seen in settings that require momentum for an eventual outcome (B)</p>
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What is the purpose of the network of feedback responses in the endocrine system?

<p>To maintain a steady state of hormone regulation in the body (C)</p>
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