Endocrine Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What condition is characterized by insufficient production of hormones by the pituitary gland?

  • Hypopituitarism (correct)
  • Acromegaly
  • Prolactinoma
  • Hyperpituitarism

    • What is a common cause of hyperpituitarism?

  • Pituitary adenoma (correct)
  • Radiation therapy
  • Infections
  • Head trauma

    • Which hormone deficiency can lead to adrenal insufficiency?

  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (correct)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

    • What are the potential symptoms of hypopituitarism?

    <p>Cold sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of excess growth hormone in children before growth plate closure?

    <p>Gigantism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is typically used for hormone deficiencies due to hypopituitarism?

    <p>Hormone replacement therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is often associated with the inability to produce breast milk postpartum?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Growth hormone (GH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of uncontrolled Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Diabetic Retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

    <p>Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary diagnostic test for diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Fasting plasma glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperglycemia?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary risk factor for developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Sedentary lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of diabetes mellitus does DKA commonly occur?

    <p>Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by sudden inflammation of the pancreas?

    <p>Acute pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark sign of chronic pancreatitis?

    <p>Fatty stool (steatorrhea)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication can occur as a result of acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Pancreatic necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary modification is crucial for managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Low-carb, high-fiber diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes electrolyte imbalances in individuals with diabetes?

    <p>Chronic dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of diabetes mellitus in relation to blood glucose?

    <p>Elevated blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Addison's disease?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the presence of thick, sticky mucus in the pancreas?

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test is used to measure long-term blood glucose control in diabetics?

    <p>HbA1c test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in regulating blood pressure by balancing sodium and potassium?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common diagnosis method for Addison's disease?

    <p>ACTH Stimulation Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In secondary adrenal insufficiency, which of the following is true regarding ACTH levels?

    <p>ACTH levels are low or normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by excessive aldosterone production?

    <p>Hyperaldosteronism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an adrenal crisis from other adrenal insufficiency conditions?

    <p>Life-threatening symptoms due to sudden hormone deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is indicative of Cushing’s syndrome?

    <p>Central obesity and purple stretch marks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In diagnosing Cushing’s syndrome, which test is commonly used to assess cortisol levels?

    <p>24-Hour Urine Free Cortisol Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is not typically used for hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Hydrocortisone replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes pheochromocytoma?

    <p>Rare tumor causing excess catecholamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication arises from untreated Addison's disease?

    <p>Adrenal crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment method would be used for Cushing’s syndrome caused by a tumor?

    <p>Surgical removal of the adrenal tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of both primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Extreme fatigue and weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does excessive catecholamine release have on the body?

    <p>Increased heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary definition of Hypothyroidism?

    <p>A condition where the thyroid gland fails to produce enough T3 and T4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Cold intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common treatment for managing excessive Prolactin levels due to Prolactinoma?

    <p>Dopamine agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily characterized by sudden hemorrhage or infarction of the pituitary gland?

    <p>Pituitary Apoplexy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cushing's Disease results from an overproduction of which hormone?

    <p>ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment approach for symptoms of Empty Sella Syndrome?

    <p>Hormone replacement if necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal regulation mechanism initiates the production of T3 and T4 in the thyroid gland?

    <p>Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Panhypopituitarism?

    <p>Erythematous rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by excessive ADH secretion causing water retention?

    <p>Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'Thyroid Storm'?

    <p>A life-threatening state of extreme hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is commonly used for reducing excessive T3 and T4 production in Hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Radiation therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic visual disturbance associated with Bitemporal Hemianopia?

    <p>Loss of peripheral vision in both eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is indicated for severe untreated hypothyroidism known as Myxedema?

    <p>Immediate hormone replacement therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily elevated in primary hypothyroidism due to the pituitary's attempt to stimulate the underactive thyroid?

    <p>Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is primarily characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

    <p>Primary Hyperparathyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Graves’ Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of untreated hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Thyroid storm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is considered the most sensitive for detecting thyroid dysfunction?

    <p>Serum TSH Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation would a parathyroidectomy most likely be indicated?

    <p>Primary Hyperparathyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with hypoparathyroidism?

    <p>Tetany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications is typically used to manage symptoms like tachycardia in hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Beta-Blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hyperparathyroidism occurs after prolonged secondary hyperparathyroidism?

    <p>Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory finding is characteristic of hypoparathyroidism?

    <p>Low serum calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of hyperparathyroidism?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which condition are kidney stones most likely to occur?

    <p>Hyperparathyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for calcium regulation in the bloodstream?

    <p>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle modification is recommended for managing hyperparathyroidism?

    <p>Balanced diet with controlled calcium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of primary ovarian insufficiency?

    <p>Infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT primarily produced by the testes?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of Klinefelter Syndrome?

    <p>Reduced muscle mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is commonly used for managing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is least likely to be associated with menopause?

    <p>Excessive hair growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical treatment for hyperprolactinemia?

    <p>Dopamine Agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by elevated prolactin levels leading to infertility?

    <p>Hyperprolactinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is NOT used to treat symptoms of menopause?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary non-hormonal treatment for managing hot flashes?

    <p>Antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with delayed puberty in males?

    <p>Hypogonadism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which disorder do individuals exhibit sensitivity issues to androgens?

    <p>Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment strategy is utilized to support fertility in patients with Polycyctic Ovary Syndrome?

    <p>Lifestyle changes and Clomiphene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is typically involved in stimulating sperm production?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Altered Functions of the Pituitary Gland

    • The pituitary gland, also known as the "master gland," is a small organ located at the base of the brain.
    • It has two parts:
      • Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis): Produces and releases hormones like growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), ACTH, TSH, FSH, and LH, regulating growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response.
      • Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis): Stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH), produced by the hypothalamus.

    Pituitary Disorders

    Hypopituitarism (Hormone Deficiency)

    • Definition: Insufficient production of one or more pituitary hormones.
    • Causes: Pituitary tumors, head trauma, radiation therapy, infections, autoimmune diseases.
    • Symptoms: Fatigue, weight loss, cold sensitivity, low blood pressure, decreased appetite, infertility, and growth retardation (in children).
    • Related conditions: Adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, growth hormone deficiency, and prolactin deficiency.
    • Treatment: Hormone replacement therapy (e.g., cortisol, thyroid hormone, sex hormones, growth hormone).

    Hyperpituitarism (Hormone Excess)

    • Definition: Excessive production of one or more pituitary hormones, often due to pituitary adenomas.
    • Disorders caused by hyperpituitarism:
      • Acromegaly/Gigantism (Excess Growth Hormone):
        • Acromegaly (adults): Enlargement of hands, feet, and facial features, joint pain, and thickened skin. Cardiovascular issues are possible.
        • Gigantism (children): Excessive height and long bone growth before growth plate closure.
      • Cushing’s Disease (Excess ACTH): Overproduction of cortisol, leading to weight gain, muscle weakness, thin skin, and high blood pressure.
      • Prolactinoma (Excess Prolactin): Causes irregular menstruation, infertility, and milk production (galactorrhea) in women and decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and infertility in men.
    • Treatment: Surgical tumor removal, medications (somatostatin analogs, GH receptor antagonists), or radiation therapy.
    • Diabetes Insipidus (DI): ADH deficiency leads to excessive urination and thirst. Treated with ADH replacement therapy.
    • Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH): Excessive ADH secretion causing water retention and low sodium. Treated with fluid restriction and medications.
    • Pituitary Apoplexy: Sudden pituitary gland hemorrhage or infarction requiring urgent surgery and corticosteroid therapy.
    • Bitemporal Hemianopia: Loss of peripheral vision due to optic chiasm compression; treated with surgery.
    • Hypogonadism: Reduced LH and FSH secretion, causing reduced gonadal function; treated with hormone replacement therapy.
    • Empty Sella Syndrome: Sella turcica appears empty due to pituitary shrinkage. Symptoms are often minimal or asymptomatic; treated with hormone replacement if needed.
    • Panhypopituitarism: Complete deficiency of all anterior pituitary hormones; treated with hormone replacement therapy.

    Altered Functions of the Thyroid Gland

    • Anatomy: Butterfly-shaped gland in the neck with two lobes connected by the isthmus.
    • Physiology: Produces thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin, regulating metabolism, and calcium levels.

    Types and Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders

    • Hypothyroidism (5-10% population, mostly women and elderly)
    • Hyperthyroidism (1-2% population, commonly due to Graves' disease)
    • Thyroid Nodules and Cancer (50% people by age 60, 3.1% cancerous)

    Hypothyroidism

    • Definition: Underactive thyroid, producing insufficient T3 and T4, slowing down metabolism.
    • Common Terminologies: Elevated TSH, low T4, low or normal T3.
    • Types:
      • Primary Hypothyroidism: Direct thyroid dysfunction (autoimmune, iodine deficiency)
      • Secondary Hypothyroidism: Pituitary gland failure
      • Congenital Hypothyroidism: Present at birth
      • Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Autoimmune attack on the thyroid
      • Myxedema: Severe untreated hypothyroidism
    • Symptoms: Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair loss, constipation, slow heartbeat, depression, muscle weakness, goiter.
    • Treatment: Levothyroxine (synthetic T4), dietary adjustments, and regular monitoring.

    Hyperthyroidism

    • Definition: Overactive thyroid, producing excessive T3 and T4, speeding up metabolism.
    • Common Terminologies: Graves' disease, exophthalmos, thyroid storm, tachycardia.
    • Causes: Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, thyroiditis.
    • Symptoms: Weight loss, rapid heartbeat, heat intolerance, nervousness, sweating, tremors, menstrual irregularities.
    • Treatment: Antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, beta-blockers, or surgery.

    Thyroid Dysfunction Diagnostics

    • Serum TSH test: Most sensitive for detecting dysfunction.
    • Thyroid Hormone tests: Measure free T3 and T4 levels.
    • Thyroid Autoantibody tests: Identify autoimmune disorders.

    Complications of Thyroid Disorders

    • Hypothyroidism: Myxedema coma, heart disease, infertility.
    • Hyperthyroidism: Thyroid storm, osteoporosis, heart conditions.

    Altered Functions of the Parathyroid Glands

    • Location: Four small glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid.
    • Hormone: Parathyroid hormone (PTH), regulating calcium, phosphate, and magnesium levels.
    • PTH Functions: Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts, enhancing kidney calcium reabsorption, and promoting vitamin D activation.

    Parathyroid Disorders

    Hyperparathyroidism:

    • Definition: Overactive parathyroid glands, leading to elevated blood calcium.
    • Types: Primary (parathyroid gland problem), Secondary (caused by low calcium), Tertiary (prolonged secondary).
    • Clinical Manifestations: Bone pain, fractures, kidney stones, fatigue, depression, nausea, and constipation.
    • Diagnosis: Blood tests (elevated calcium and PTH), bone density scan, and imaging (ultrasound, Sestamibi scan).
    • Treatment: Surgical removal (parathyroidectomy), medications (cinacalcet), and lifestyle modifications.

    Hypoparathyroidism:

    • Definition: Underactive parathyroid glands, leading to low blood calcium.
    • Causes: Surgical removal, autoimmune destruction, genetic conditions, and radiation therapy.
    • Clinical Manifestations: Muscle cramps, tetany, Chvostek’s sign, Trousseau’s sign, numbness, tingling, seizures, hypotension, and arrhythmias.
    • Diagnosis: Blood tests (low calcium and PTH), magnesium levels, and additional imaging.
    • Treatment: Calcium and vitamin D supplements, PTH replacement, and dietary adjustments.

    Altered Functions of the Endocrine Pancreas

    • Anatomy: Located behind the stomach, consisting of endocrine (islets of Langerhans) and exocrine portions.
    • Hormones: Insulin (lowers blood sugar), glucagon (raises blood sugar), and somatostatin (inhibits both insulin and glucagon).

    Major Pancreatic Disorders

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Definition: Chronic condition with elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance.
    • Types: Type 1 (autoimmune destruction of beta cells), Type 2 (insulin resistance), Gestational, and Secondary.
    • Clinical Manifestations: Excessive thirst, urination, hunger, weight loss (Type 1), blurred vision, fatigue.
    • Diagnosis: Blood glucose tests (fasting, random, HbA1c), and OGTT.
    • Treatment: Insulin therapy (Type 1), oral antidiabetic drugs (Type 2), and lifestyle modifications.
    • Complications: Acute (DKA, HHS), and Chronic (microvascular and macrovascular).

    Acute Pancreatitis

    • Definition: Sudden inflammation of the pancreas due to premature enzyme activation.
    • Causes: Gallstones, alcohol abuse, hypertriglyceridemia, medications, and infections.
    • Symptoms: Severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, jaundice, and abdominal tenderness.
    • Diagnosis: Blood tests (elevated amylase and lipase), imaging (ultrasound, CT scan).
    • Treatment: Hospitalization, pain management, fluid replacement, nutritional support, and potential surgery.

    Chronic Pancreatitis

    • Definition: Long-term inflammation of the pancreas.
    • Causes: Long-term alcohol abuse, recurrent acute pancreatitis, autoimmune diseases, and genetic conditions.
    • Symptoms: Persistent abdominal pain, fatty stool, malnutrition, and weight loss, and possible diabetes.
    • Diagnosis: Blood tests, imaging (abdominal X-ray, CT scan, or MRI).
    • Treatment: Pain management, pancreatic enzyme supplements, insulin therapy if diabetes develops, and alcohol cessation.

    Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas

    • Definition: Genetic disorder affecting exocrine gland function, causing thick mucus blocking pancreatic ducts.
    • Symptoms: Poor digestion and nutrient absorption, chronic lung infections, and fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies.
    • Treatment: Pancreatic enzyme replacement, nutritional support, and respiratory therapy.

    Altered Functions of the Adrenal Glands

    • Anatomy: Two triangular glands located on top of each kidney with an adrenal cortex and medulla.
    • Hormones: Glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), androgens, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

    Adrenal Gland Disorders

    Adrenal Insufficiency

    • Addison's Disease (Primary): Chronic loss of cortisol and aldosterone production, often due to autoimmune destruction.

    • Causes: Autoimmune destruction, Tuberculosis, Adrenal hemorrhage, Genetics.

    • Symptoms: Fatigue, weakness, hyperpigmentation, low blood pressure, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance (low sodium, high potassium).

    • Diagnosis: ACTH stimulation test, serum cortisol and ACTH levels, electrolyte panel, and imaging.

    • Treatment: Hormone replacement therapy (hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone), increased salt intake, and emergency preparedness.

      • Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency: ACTH deficiency from pituitary gland causing decreased cortisol.
      • Causes: Long-term corticosteroid use, pituitary tumors, or brain injury.
        • Symptoms: Similar, but without hyperpigmentation, less severe electrolyte imbalances.
      • Diagnosis: ACTH stimulation test, MRI/CT, and other related tests.
      • Treatment: Hormone replacement (cortisol) and gradual steroid tapering.

    • Adrenal Crisis: Sudden adrenal hormone deficiency, potentially life-threatening.

    Adrenal Hyperfunction

    • Cushing's Syndrome: Prolonged high cortisol levels.

    • Causes: Exogenous (steroid use), or endogenous (tumors producing ACTH or cortisol).

    • Symptoms: Central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, thin skin, easy bruising, muscle weakness, high blood pressure.

    • Diagnosis: 24-hour urine cortisol, dexamethasone suppression test, imaging.

    • Treatment: Tumor removal (surgery), medications, or radiation therapy if necessary.

    • Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's Syndrome): Excessive aldosterone production, causing sodium retention and potassium loss.

    • Causes: Primary (adrenal adenoma or hyperplasia) or secondary (overactive renin-angiotensin system to kidney disease).

    • Symptoms: High blood pressure resistant to medication, low potassium (hypokalemia) causing muscle weakness and cramps, and frequent urination.

    • Diagnosis: Blood tests (high aldosterone, low renin, low potassium), and imaging (CT or MRI).

    • Treatment: Surgery (adrenalectomy) or medications (aldosterone antagonists).

    • Pheochromocytoma: Rare tumor of the adrenal medulla causing excess catecholamine release.

      • Symptoms: Episodic high blood pressure, severe headaches, sweating, palpitations, tremors, anxiety.
      • Treatment: Surgical removal and preoperative medication.

    Endocrine Disorders in Male and Female Reproductive Functions

    • Female Reproductive System (Ovaries): Produce estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH regulating menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and sexual characteristics.
    • Male Reproductive System (Testes): Produce testosterone, FSH, and LH regulating sperm production and sexual characteristics.

    Female Reproductive Disorders

    Ovarian Disorders

    • Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI): Premature ovarian failure (before age 40) due to decreased estrogen.

      • Causes: Genetics, toxins, autoimmune response and idiopathic causes.
      • Symptoms: Irregular or absent periods, infertility, hot flashes, vaginal dryness, mood changes.
      • Treatment: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), fertility support, and lifestyle modifications.

    • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts, irregular menstruation, and high androgen levels.

      • Causes: Insulin resistance, genetic predisposition, obesity.
      • Symptoms: Irregular periods, excessive hair growth, acne, oily skin, weight gain, infertility.
      • Treatment: Lifestyle changes, metformin, oral contraceptives, or clomiphene.

    • Menopause: Natural cessation of menstruation (around age 50) due to reduced ovarian hormone production.

      • Symptoms: Hot flashes, vaginal dryness, mood changes, sleep disturbances, bone loss (osteoporosis).
      • Treatment: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), non-hormonal options, and lifestyle adjustments.

    Male Reproductive Disorders

    • Hypogonadism (Low Testosterone): Reduced testosterone production, causing delayed puberty or infertility. - Causes: Primary (testicular issues) or secondary (hypothalamic/pituitary).

      • Symptoms: Delayed puberty, erectile dysfunction, reduced libido, infertility, and reduced muscle mass.
        • Treatment: Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and fertility treatments.

    • Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS): XY individuals with partial or complete insensitivity to androgens like testosterone.

      • Presentation: Variable, ranging from minimal symptoms to the appearance of a female external phenotype and ambiguous genitalia.
      • Treatment: Hormone therapy and (potentially) surgical management.

    • Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY Syndrome): Extra X chromosome in males, causing hypogonadism. - Symptoms: Taller stature, reduced muscle mass, gynecomastia, reduced hair growth, and possible learning disabilities. - Treatment: Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and educational support.

    • Hyperprolactinemia: Elevated prolactin levels affecting testosterone production and sperm formation.

      • Causes: Pituitary tumors (prolactinomas) and medications.
      • Symptoms: Reduced libido, erectile dysfunction, infertility and possible gynecomastia. - Treatment: Dopamine agonists and (potentially) surgery.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on hormone-related conditions, particularly those associated with the pituitary gland. This quiz covers hypopituitarism, hyperpituitarism, and the hormones involved, including effects and treatments. It's perfect for students or anyone interested in endocrinology.

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