Endocannabinoid System and Cannabis Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which function is associated with the endocannabinoid system in the context of memory?

  • Cognition (correct)
  • Appetite
  • Analgesia
  • Motor Coordination

    • CB1 receptors are primarily found in the periphery of the body.

    False

    What fatty acid serves as the precursor for endocannabinoids?

    Arachidonic acid

    Anandamide is broken down by __________ in the postsynaptic neuron.

    <p>fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the endocannabinoid system with their primary functions:

    <p>CB1 = Central Nervous System CB2 = Immune System 2-AG = Presynaptic metabolism Anandamide = Postsynaptic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a decrease in D2 receptors have on pleasure from stimulants?

    <p>It increases pleasure from stimulants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Craving occurs when drug-cue associations invoke the A process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of treatment uses another drug with a similar effect to replace an addictive drug?

    <p>Agonist treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is desensitized to natural rewards but sensitized to drug cues.

    <p>prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pharmacotherapy treatment with its purpose:

    <p>Methadone = Replace heroin Varenicline = Prevent nicotine withdrawal Naloxone = Block heroin effects Disulfiram = Induce negative reaction to alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure is primarily involved in habit formation?

    <p>Basal Ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antidrug vaccines work by increasing the amount of addictive drug that reaches the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the amygdala in the context of addiction?

    <p>It is involved in the brain stress systems and contributes to negative mood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary psychoactive compound found in cannabis?

    <p>Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cannabis has been cultivated for over 600 years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the names of the two receptors identified for THC?

    <p>CB1 and CB2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average person metabolizes approximately _____ mL of 100 proof alcohol in one hour.

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medical uses with their corresponding drugs:

    <p>Sativex = Analgesia Marinol = Appetite Stimulation Rimonabant = Appetite Suppression Diazepam = Prevent Withdrawal Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where cannabis inhibits the release of neurotransmitters?

    <p>Retrograde message</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Binge drinking is defined as achieving a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.8 or above in one hour.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological system is most notably affected by chronic alcohol consumption, leading to increased glutamate receptors?

    <p>NMDA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alcohol is primarily metabolized by the enzyme _____ in the liver.

    <p>alcohol dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs to their uses in alcohol treatment:

    <p>Disulfiram = Prevent Relapse Naltrexone = Prevent Withdrawal Seizures Diazepam = Treat Comorbid Conditions Topiramate = Prevent Relapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-psychoactive compound found in cannabis?

    <p>Cannabidiol (CBD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The opponent process theory suggests that the B process becomes more prominent with repeated exposure to a stimulus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of pharmacotherapy in treating Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)?

    <p>Preventing relapse and managing withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of sleep is characterized by slow wave sleep?

    <p>Stage 3-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus sends signals to the cortex to regulate sleep stages.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter system targeted by most OTC sleep aids?

    <p>histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    REM deprivation causes __________.

    <p>REM rebound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the medication to its classification:

    <p>Zolpidem (Ambien) = Z drug Zaleplon (Sonata) = Z drug Ramelton (Rozerem) = Melatonin agonist Suvorexant (Belsomra) = Orexin receptor antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common treatment for insomnia?

    <p>Scopolamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher body temperature decreases the likelihood of REM sleep.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a rise in body temperature have on sleep?

    <p>Wakes a person up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?

    <p>To induce seizures and reboot the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tricyclic antidepressants were originally developed for treating depression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotrophic factor is commonly associated with depression?

    <p>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High levels of __________ are negatively correlated with neuroplasticity in the brain.

    <p>cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of antidepressants with their characteristics:

    <p>Tricyclics = Block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors = Inhibit the activity of MAO Electroconvulsive Therapy = Fast-acting and induces brain reboot Antidepressants = Normalize brain plasticity deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option may result in memory loss as a side effect?

    <p>Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased dendritic branching can enhance the brain's neuroplasticity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant side effect is associated with the use of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)?

    <p>Dietary restrictions and potential cardiotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

    <p>Controlling the release of melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anterior hypothalamus is crucial for wakefulness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two neurotransmitters released by the locus coeruleus to control wakefulness.

    <p>Norepinephrine and acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Caffeine acts as an __________ receptor antagonist.

    <p>adenosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the sleep-related conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Narcolepsy = Loss of orexin-producing neurons leading to excessive daytime sleepiness Fatal Familial Insomnia = Severe repression of sleep due to cell loss in the anterior hypothalamus Encephalitis Lethargica = Condition characterized by extreme lethargy and sleepiness Sleep Apnea = Disrupted sleep due to breathing difficulties during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is a partial Mu agonist used for pain relief?

    <p>Buprenorphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The release of histamine and orexin from the hypothalamus promotes sleep.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lethal dose of caffeine for most individuals?

    <p>10 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The activity of dopamine, norepinephrine, glutamate, and acetylcholine is suppressed by __________.

    <p>adenosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does GABA play in the regulation of wakefulness?

    <p>It suppresses neuronal action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocannabinoid System and Cannabis

    • Endocannabinoids: Lipid-soluble molecules made and released on demand
    • Functions: Analgesia, sensory processing, motor coordination, memory, cognition, appetite, immune system regulation
    • Synthesis: From arachidonic acid (a fatty acid)
    • Receptors: CB1 (central nervous system, including basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, cortex, and spinal cord), and CB2 (peripheral, primarily immune system)
    • Inactivation: Uptake by endocannabinoid membrane transporter; broken down by FAAH (anandamide) or MGL (2-AG)
    • Synaptic Transmission: Diffuse across synapse, bind to presynaptic receptors, inhibit neurotransmitter release (retrograde signaling)

    Cannabis

    • Sources: Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica (hemp)
    • History: Native to Asia, cultivated for ~6,000 years, historically used in American colonies
    • Active Compounds: ~400 compounds, including psychoactive (e.g., Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), identified in 1964) and non-psychoactive (e.g., Cannabidiol (CBD), Cannabinol (CBN))

    Timeline

    • 1964: THC identified as an active component of marijuana.
    • 1988: CB1 receptor identified.
    • 1991: CB2 receptor identified.
    • 1992: Anandamide and 2-AG (endogenous THC) identified.

    Pharmacokinetics of THC

    • Half-life: ~30 hours.
    • Depot binding: Causes “reverse tolerance”.
    • Metabolism: Liver enzymes metabolize THC into active (11-hydroxy-THC) and inactive (carboxy-THC) metabolites; carboxy-THC detectable in urine tests.

    Medical Uses of THC

    • Analgesia: Suppresses pain transmission in the spinal cord, often effective for inflammatory pain (acts on CB2 receptors). e.g. Sativex = THC + CBD
    • Appetite stimulation: Marinol (used for cancer/AIDS)

    Alcohol

    • Pharmacokinetics: Easily absorbed through all membranes, quickly enters the bloodstream, crosses the blood-brain barrier.

    • Metabolism: ~15% by gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (liver); women have less activity than men, average person metabolizes ~10 mL of 100 proof alcohol / hr

    • Excretion: ~5% through lungs.

    • Pharmacodynamics:

      • Glutamate: Suppresses NMDA receptor function, reduces glutamate release (chronic use increases NMDA receptors).
      • GABA: GABA agonist (chronic use decreases chloride influx).
      • Opioids: Induces opioid release, inducing dopamine release.
      • Cannabinoids: Stimulates anandamide production.

    Alcohol Tolerance

    • Acute: Occurs with single exposure.
    • Metabolic: Alcohol dehydrogenase increases in the liver.
    • Pharmacodynamic: NMDA receptors increase (glutamate), and chloride influx decreases (GABA).
    • Behavioral: Includes alcoholism and alcohol use disorder (AUD).

    Goals of AUD Pharmacotherapy

    • Prevent/Treat Withdrawal Seizures: Long-acting benzodiazepines (Diazepam), anticonvulsants (Lamotrigine, Topiramate).
    • Prevent Relapse: Disulfiram (Antabuse), calcium carbimide (Temposil), naltrexone (ReVia, Trexan).
    • Treat Comorbid Conditions: e.g., major depression, PTSD (difficult to treat).

    Binge Drinking

    • Definition: Drinking resulting in a BAC of 0.8 or above in 2 hours (not very high).
    • Effects: Increased inflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, HPA axis activity; decreased trophic support, neurogenesis, white matter reduction.

    Addiction (Opponent Process Theory)

    • Opponent Process Theory: Explains that repeated exposure to a stimulus (A process), produces an opposing response (B process) that increases in intensity and duration with repetition.
    • Addiction Application: Tolerance is the adaptation of the A process, withdrawal is the increased B process, and the drug becomes less rewarding over time.

    Addiction (Brain Disease Model)

    • Stages and Underlying Circuitry:
      • Binge/Intoxication: Basal ganglia (striatum), reward pathway.
      • Withdrawal: Limbic system (amygdala), stress system (HPA axis).
      • Preoccupation/Anticipation: Prefrontal cortex, stress system, insula, basal ganglia.
    • Incentive Salience: Drug-cue associations lead to dopamine release in response to cues, not the drug itself, and strengthen cravings.

    Pharmacotherapy of Addiction

    • Agonist: Replace addictive drug with a similar-effect drug, e.g., methadone for heroin.
    • Partial Agonist: Prevents withdrawal and cravings, e.g., varenicline (Chantix) for nicotine.
    • Antagonist: Blocks effects of addictive drug, e.g., naloxone for opioids.
    • Aversive: Induces negative reaction when addictive drug is taken, e.g., disulfiram (Antabuse) for alcohol.
    • Antidrug Vaccines: Injects synthetic molecules that trigger an immune response against the drug.

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    Description

    Explore the intricate relationship between the endocannabinoid system and cannabis. This quiz covers endocannabinoids' functions, their synthesis, receptors involved, and the historical context of cannabis cultivation. Test your knowledge of cannabis compounds and their effects on the human body.

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