Enantiostasis and Na-K Pump Quiz

Osmosis = Movement of water towards an area with higher solute concentration Assisted Membrane Transport = Carrier-mediated transport with key molecules being proteins Facilitated Diffusion = Substances move from a higher to a lower concentration through proteins with affinity to specific molecules Glucose Transport = Means by which glucose is transported into cells

Carrier-Mediated Transport = Transport of molecules facilitated by carrier proteins Conformational Change = Change in shape of carrier protein upon binding of molecules Binding Sites = Locations inside carrier proteins where molecules bind Refractory Periods = Time periods where membrane cannot respond to another stimulus

Permeability Changes = Alterations in membrane permeability due to various stimuli Homeostasis = Maintenance of stable internal environment despite external changes Water Movement = Directional flow of water based on solute concentration gradients Action Potential Propagation = Transmission of electrical signals along nerve cells

<p>Enantiostasis = Maintenance of metabolic and physiological functions in response to variations in the environment Na-K pump = Carrier protein that exchanges sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane Secondary Active Transport = Utilizes the concentration gradient created by primary active transport to transport molecules across the cell membrane Homeostasis = Consistency of function achieved by changing one physiological variable to counteract a change in another</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dephosphorylated Na-K pump = High affinity for potassium Increased intracellular glucose concentration = Induces changes in membrane permeability Absence of diffusion channels = Loss of sodium and potassium channels over time Cotransport carrier in intestine = Simultaneously transports glucose against its concentration gradient and sodium down its concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Action potential propagation = Transmission of electrical signals along the cell membrane Refractory periods = Time intervals during which the membrane is less responsive to stimuli Permeability changes = Regulation of ion movement across the cell membrane Membrane transport = Movement of molecules into and out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variations in environment = Trigger changes in physiological variables to maintain cellular functions Glucose transport into cells = Necessary for distributing nutrients throughout the body High extracellular glucose concentration = Results from food intake and affects intracellular glucose levels Diffusion channels = Critical for maintaining ion balance between intra- and extracellular compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enantiostasis mechanism = Ensures survival of species in environments with fluctuating salt and water concentrations Na-K pump activity = Leads to increased intracellular potassium and extracellular sodium concentrations Secondary Active Transport function = Allows for efficient transportation of molecules against concentration gradients Homeostasis regulation = Achieves consistency by counteracting changes in physiological variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnitude of concentration gradient = Increase concentration gradient = Increase rate of net diffusion Surface area = Increase surface area = Increase rate of net diffusion Lipid solubility = Increase solubility = Faster rate of diffusion Molecular weight = Increase molecular weight = Decrease rate of net diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion = Passive process where molecules move from high to low concentration Tonicity = Describes the solute concentration outside the cell compared to inside the cell Hypotonic solution = Solute concentration outside the cell is lower, leading to cell swelling Hypertonic solution = Higher solute concentration outside the cell, causing cell shrinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antiport = Molecules move in opposite directions through carrier proteins (e.g., Na+-K+ pump) Symport = Molecules move in the same direction through carrier proteins (e.g., Na+ co-transport carrier) Unassisted Membrane Transport = Does not necessarily need a protein to happen; includes diffusion as a passive process Isotonic solution = External solution with same solute and water concentration, resulting in no net movement of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distance = Increase distance = Decrease rate of net diffusion Selective permeability = Allows passage of certain materials across the membrane Homeostasis = Maintaining internal balance despite external changes Membrane Transport = Involves various mechanisms for substances to cross the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Na+-K+ pump = Example of Antiport mechanism in carrier protein diffusion Na+ co-transport carrier = Illustration of Symport mechanism in carrier protein diffusion Particles' kinetic energy = Causes diffusion from high to low concentration; passive process Net movement of water = Occurs in response to tonicity differences in hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary active transport = Requires direct use of ATP Secondary active transport = Driven by an ion concentration gradient established by a primary active transport system Passive transport = Occurs without the use of energy and is carrier mediated Vesicular transport = Involves transporting materials in bulk through the use of vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carrier protein is phosphorylated = Primary active transport Driven by ion concentration gradient from primary system = Secondary active transport Requires direct use of ATP = Primary active transport Uses energy for transportation = Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive transport = Does not require energy and is carrier mediated Active transport = Necessitates energy for transportation Vesicular transport = Involves bulk transportation using vesicles Membrane transport = Involves both passive and active methods for material transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Refractory period = The time during which a second action potential cannot be generated, regardless of stimulus strength Permeability changes = Alterations in the ability of substances to pass through the membrane Homeostasis = Maintenance of stable internal conditions within an organism Action potential propagation = Transmission of electrical impulses along a neuron's membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transporting materials in bulk using vesicles = Vesicular transport Direct use of ATP for substance movement = Primary active transport Energy-independent carrier-mediated transportation = Passive transport Utilizing ion gradients from primary system for movement = Secondary active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constitutive exocytosis = Requires no signal for releasing secretory materials outside the cell Regulative exocytosis = Requires an external signal for releasing secretory materials outside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis = Transfer of large solid particles into the cell Pinocytosis = Intake of liquids into the cell along with small solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cargo proteins = Recognized by cargo receptor Adaptin = Facilitates recognition between cargo receptor and cytosolic domain of protein Dynamin = Acts as a molecular scissor for vesicle formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocytosis = Materials are moved into the cell Exocytosis = Materials are secreted and moved outside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clathrin = Covers the area where the pit is forming Adaptin = Binds cargo receptor to facilitate recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Action potential propagation = Process of electrical signal transmission along the cell membrane Refractory periods = Periods of time during which a cell is incapable of repeating an action potential Permeability changes = Alterations in the ability of ions to cross the cell membrane Homeostasis = Maintenance of a constant internal environment within an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membrane transport = Movement of substances across the cell membrane Action potential propagation = Initiation and transmission of electrical signals in excitable cells Homeostasis = Regulation of internal conditions to ensure stability and optimal function Permeability changes = Control of ion flow to regulate cell activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Refractory periods = Prevention of backward propagation of action potentials Permeability changes = Facilitation of signal transmission across neurons Membrane transport = Transport of nutrients and waste products into and out of cells Homeostasis = Prevention of drastic internal environment fluctuations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homeostasis = Ensures optimal conditions for enzymatic reactions within cells Permeability changes = Affect the resting membrane potential and excitability of cells Action potential propagation = Allows for rapid communication between neurons and muscle cells Membrane transport = Essential for maintaining ion gradients necessary for cellular function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homeostasis = Prevents disruption in cellular metabolic processes Action potential propagation = Facilitates nerve impulse transmission for coordinated responses Refractory periods = Protects cells from experiencing continuous depolarization events Membrane transport = Regulates the movement of ions crucial for cellular functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Na+ = Moves into the cell through leak channels K+ = Moves out of the cell through leak channels Cl- = Moves into the cell through specific transport proteins Anions = Cannot pass through the membrane due to size</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium-Potassium Pump = Maintains concentration gradients for Na+ and K+ Leak Channels = Allow passive movement of ions based on gradients Anionic Proteins = Contribute to the negative charge inside the cell Electrochemical Gradient = Balances ions movement for equilibrium potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Na+ - K+ Pump Activity = Regulates intracellular and extracellular ion concentrations Leak Channel Function = Affects resting membrane potential stability Anionic Protein Presence = Contributes to maintaining electrical gradient Electrochemical Equilibrium = Ensures overall balance in ion movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates = Cell-Matrix Adhesion Angioka = Interacts in intercellular communication between distant cells Antonio = Plays a role in structural proteins Protein A = Involved in specific molecule transport between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membrane Permeability Changes = Affect speed and efficiency of signal transmission Refractory Periods = Ensure unidirectional propagation of action potentials Sodium and Chloride Ions Movement = Influence depolarization and hyperpolarization phases Potassium and Anionic Proteins Interaction = Contribute to repolarization and resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers