18 Questions
What is the term for the conversion of one stereo-isomeric form into another, such as R-ibuprofen to S-ibuprofen?
Isomerization or enantiomerization
What is the process called when isomerization results in the change of configuration at a single chiral center?
Epimerization
What term is used when isomerization leads to the formation of racemates?
Racemization
Provide an example of a drug where the pharmacokinetic differences resulting from stereoisomerism affect absorption.
L-Methotrexate is better absorbed than D-Methotrexate
How do S-Warfarin and R-Warfarin differ in terms of metabolism?
S-Warfarin is metabolized by ring oxidation while R-Warfarin is metabolized by side chain reduction
Explain the pharmacodynamic difference between l-Propranolol and d-Propranolol.
l-Propranolol has beta-adrenoceptors blocking action while d-Propranolol is inactive
What are the advantages of single enantiomers over racemic mixtures in terms of pharmacodynamic profile?
Single enantiomers have less complex and more selective pharmacodynamic profile, leading to lesser adverse drug reactions, improved therapeutic profile, and less chances of drug interactions.
Why are single enantiomers considered advantageous in terms of drug exposure and metabolic load on the body?
Patients are exposed to less amount of drug with single enantiomers, resulting in the body being exposed to lesser metabolic, renal, and hepatic load of the drug.
What is the significance of producing antibiotics with only one enantiomer?
Many antibiotics are produced with only one enantiomer to ensure purity and effectiveness, especially since they are often made by fermentation processes.
Why is it easier to monitor the therapeutic levels of single enantiomer drugs?
Therapeutic drug monitoring of single enantiomers is easier due to the presence of only one active form, making it simpler to assess and adjust dosages.
What is the trend in the pharmaceutical industry regarding the development of single enantiomer drugs?
Many single enantiomer drugs are being developed and tested in clinical trials to compare their efficacy and safety with racemic mixtures.
How do single enantiomers contribute to improving the therapeutic and safety profile of drugs?
Single enantiomers offer improved therapeutic profiles, reduced adverse drug reactions, and lower chances of drug interactions compared to racemic mixtures.
What is an enantiomer?
An enantiomer is one of two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other but are nonsuperimposable.
How are enantiomorphs related to enantiomers?
Enantiomorphs are mirror images of each other, hence they are related to enantiomers.
What is meant by enantiopure compounds?
Enantiopure compounds refer to samples having molecules of only one chirality.
Define optical isomerism and its more common term.
Optical isomerism is commonly referred to as enantiomerism.
How do isomers differ from each other?
Isomers are different substances with the same molecular formula but different bonding arrangements or orientations of atoms in space.
What defines a molecule as a stereoisomer?
Stereoisomers are molecules that are identical in atomic constitution and bonding, but differ in their three-dimensional arrangement of atoms.
Test your knowledge on enantiomers and enantiomorphs by exploring the basic concepts of stereoisomers, mirror images, and nonsuperimposable molecules.
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