Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the primary method for developing EMS practices in the early years?
What was the primary method for developing EMS practices in the early years?
- Extensive clinical trials and randomized controlled studies
- Adapting practices from other fields, such as hospital medicine and the military (correct)
- Scientific research and objective evidence
- Intuition and experience of emergency medical professionals
Which of the following EMS practices, once believed to be effective, have been found to be less effective than previously thought through research?
Which of the following EMS practices, once believed to be effective, have been found to be less effective than previously thought through research?
- Automated External Defibrillator (AED) use
- Endotracheal intubation (correct)
- Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
- Nasal cannula oxygen administration
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes a profession from a trade?
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes a profession from a trade?
- A profession is often regulated by a governing body, while a trade is not.
- A profession is associated with higher status and prestige compared to a trade.
- A profession typically requires a higher level of education, while a trade requires more practical training.
- A profession emphasizes continuous learning and adaptation based on research, while a trade often relies on established practices. (correct)
What is the primary rationale for emphasizing outcomes-based research in EMS?
What is the primary rationale for emphasizing outcomes-based research in EMS?
The National EMS Research Agenda, published in 2001, made several recommendations to advance EMS research. Which of these recommendations was NOT included in the document?
The National EMS Research Agenda, published in 2001, made several recommendations to advance EMS research. Which of these recommendations was NOT included in the document?
What is the central reason for the growing emphasis on research in EMS?
What is the central reason for the growing emphasis on research in EMS?
Which of the following is NOT a direct benefit of incorporating research findings into EMS practices?
Which of the following is NOT a direct benefit of incorporating research findings into EMS practices?
Why is it essential for EMS to prove that its services benefit patients and thecommunity?
Why is it essential for EMS to prove that its services benefit patients and thecommunity?
What type of research is typically used in medical research?
What type of research is typically used in medical research?
Which of the following is NOT a common belief about the full moon's effect on human behavior?
Which of the following is NOT a common belief about the full moon's effect on human behavior?
What is the independent variable in a typical medical research study?
What is the independent variable in a typical medical research study?
What is the key characteristic that distinguishes quantitative research from qualitative research?
What is the key characteristic that distinguishes quantitative research from qualitative research?
What is the primary goal of publishing research findings in medical journals?
What is the primary goal of publishing research findings in medical journals?
What is an iterative process in scientific research?
What is an iterative process in scientific research?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that has been found to be associated with an increase in psychiatric emergencies?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that has been found to be associated with an increase in psychiatric emergencies?
Why is it important to report research findings even if the hypothesis is found to be false?
Why is it important to report research findings even if the hypothesis is found to be false?
Which study type is least likely to be used to determine the effectiveness of a new piece of medical equipment in a controlled environment?
Which study type is least likely to be used to determine the effectiveness of a new piece of medical equipment in a controlled environment?
What is the most likely reason for the perceived increase in motorcycle collisions during a full moon?
What is the most likely reason for the perceived increase in motorcycle collisions during a full moon?
In a study investigating the relationship between full moons and emergency department visits, what would be considered the dependent variable?
In a study investigating the relationship between full moons and emergency department visits, what would be considered the dependent variable?
In a double-blind study, who is kept unaware of the treatment group assignments?
In a double-blind study, who is kept unaware of the treatment group assignments?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between the moon and childbirth?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between the moon and childbirth?
A study investigating the long-term effects of a particular medication on a group of patients compared to a control group would best be described as a:
A study investigating the long-term effects of a particular medication on a group of patients compared to a control group would best be described as a:
Which study type typically involves a smaller group of patients compared to a randomized controlled trial?
Which study type typically involves a smaller group of patients compared to a randomized controlled trial?
What is the primary purpose of a medical study that aims to investigate the relationship between heart attacks and full moons?
What is the primary purpose of a medical study that aims to investigate the relationship between heart attacks and full moons?
Which is not a characteristic of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
Which is not a characteristic of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
What is the most likely explanation for the perceived increase in EMS calls during the full moon?
What is the most likely explanation for the perceived increase in EMS calls during the full moon?
What is the primary reason why a meta-analysis is considered a highly valid study type?
What is the primary reason why a meta-analysis is considered a highly valid study type?
What is the main takeaway from the research on the impact of full moons on emergencies?
What is the main takeaway from the research on the impact of full moons on emergencies?
What is a key difference between a cohort study and a cross-sectional study?
What is a key difference between a cohort study and a cross-sectional study?
How does the concept of confirmation bias apply to the belief that full moons influence human behavior?
How does the concept of confirmation bias apply to the belief that full moons influence human behavior?
According to the content, why is it important to define a specific time interval for the study of full moon effects on emergencies?
According to the content, why is it important to define a specific time interval for the study of full moon effects on emergencies?
Which study type is primarily used when there is a lack of existing scientific research in a particular area?
Which study type is primarily used when there is a lack of existing scientific research in a particular area?
What is a potential disadvantage of relying heavily on expert opinions to guide practices?
What is a potential disadvantage of relying heavily on expert opinions to guide practices?
Why are nonrandomized controlled trials considered less valid than randomized controlled trials?
Why are nonrandomized controlled trials considered less valid than randomized controlled trials?
What type of study is most useful for examining the prevalence of a specific condition at a particular point in time?
What type of study is most useful for examining the prevalence of a specific condition at a particular point in time?
Which of the following would be an example of a cohort study?
Which of the following would be an example of a cohort study?
A researcher is interested in studying the impact of a newly developed CPR training program on the survival rates of cardiac arrest victims. What type of study would be the most appropriate?
A researcher is interested in studying the impact of a newly developed CPR training program on the survival rates of cardiac arrest victims. What type of study would be the most appropriate?
Which of the following is NOT a common method used to achieve blinding in a study?
Which of the following is NOT a common method used to achieve blinding in a study?
A meta-analysis is used to:
A meta-analysis is used to:
What is the purpose of calculating the variance in a set of data?
What is the purpose of calculating the variance in a set of data?
How is the standard deviation calculated?
How is the standard deviation calculated?
If two groups have the same mean but different standard deviations, what can we conclude about the data?
If two groups have the same mean but different standard deviations, what can we conclude about the data?
What is the mode of a data set?
What is the mode of a data set?
What is the primary difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
What is the primary difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
What is sampling error?
What is sampling error?
What is a confidence interval?
What is a confidence interval?
If a confidence interval for a proportion includes zero, what can we conclude?
If a confidence interval for a proportion includes zero, what can we conclude?
In the context of statistical tests, what is the difference between qualitative and quantitative tests?
In the context of statistical tests, what is the difference between qualitative and quantitative tests?
What is the difference between variance and standard deviation?
What is the difference between variance and standard deviation?
Why is it generally recommended to divide by one less than the number of values when calculating the variance for a sample?
Why is it generally recommended to divide by one less than the number of values when calculating the variance for a sample?
What is the relationship between the standard deviation and the shape of a data distribution?
What is the relationship between the standard deviation and the shape of a data distribution?
Imagine two EMT classes take an exam, with the same mean score but different standard deviations. Which statement is correct?
Imagine two EMT classes take an exam, with the same mean score but different standard deviations. Which statement is correct?
In a study of survival rates from cardiac arrest, researchers calculate a confidence interval for the proportion of patients who survive. What does a confidence interval represent in this context?
In a study of survival rates from cardiac arrest, researchers calculate a confidence interval for the proportion of patients who survive. What does a confidence interval represent in this context?
What is the main purpose of inferential statistics?
What is the main purpose of inferential statistics?
How does the size of a sample affect the reliability of the conclusions drawn from inferential statistics?
How does the size of a sample affect the reliability of the conclusions drawn from inferential statistics?
What is the main idea presented in the passage?
What is the main idea presented in the passage?
Which of the following BEST describes the concept of “Never be the first to prescribe a new drug, or the last to prescribe an old one” as it relates to EMS?
Which of the following BEST describes the concept of “Never be the first to prescribe a new drug, or the last to prescribe an old one” as it relates to EMS?
What is the main purpose of using descriptive statistics in EMS research?
What is the main purpose of using descriptive statistics in EMS research?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of normally distributed data?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of normally distributed data?
Why is the median a better measure of central tendency than the mean when data are not normally distributed?
Why is the median a better measure of central tendency than the mean when data are not normally distributed?
What is the primary purpose of calculating the variance in a data set?
What is the primary purpose of calculating the variance in a data set?
What is the relationship between variance and standard deviation?
What is the relationship between variance and standard deviation?
How does the standard deviation help in interpreting data from two different EMT classes with the same mean score on an exam?
How does the standard deviation help in interpreting data from two different EMT classes with the same mean score on an exam?
What is the most appropriate measure for a single value that describes the center of a group of data?
What is the most appropriate measure for a single value that describes the center of a group of data?
In the example given in the text about EMT P classes, what is the most important takeaway regarding the classes' performance?
In the example given in the text about EMT P classes, what is the most important takeaway regarding the classes' performance?
What is the potential drawback of using the mean as a measure of central tendency for emergency call volume?
What is the potential drawback of using the mean as a measure of central tendency for emergency call volume?
Why is it important for EMS clinicians to stay updated on evolving science and research?
Why is it important for EMS clinicians to stay updated on evolving science and research?
Which of these BEST demonstrates the concept of inferential statistics in EMS research?
Which of these BEST demonstrates the concept of inferential statistics in EMS research?
Why is it important to use statistics when evaluating EMS practices?
Why is it important to use statistics when evaluating EMS practices?
What is the main difference between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics?
What is the main difference between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics?
What is the primary focus of qualitative statistics?
What is the primary focus of qualitative statistics?
Which statistical test is primarily used to compare means between two groups?
Which statistical test is primarily used to compare means between two groups?
What does an odds ratio greater than 1 indicate?
What does an odds ratio greater than 1 indicate?
What is the function of confidence intervals in statistics?
What is the function of confidence intervals in statistics?
Which type of data does NOT allow for the calculation of the mean?
Which type of data does NOT allow for the calculation of the mean?
What characterizes normally distributed data?
What characterizes normally distributed data?
Which of the following is a key function of descriptive statistics?
Which of the following is a key function of descriptive statistics?
What does a confidence interval that includes the value 1 imply about an odds ratio?
What does a confidence interval that includes the value 1 imply about an odds ratio?
Which type of data is often referred to as continuous data?
Which type of data is often referred to as continuous data?
Which of the following is a misconception about statistics?
Which of the following is a misconception about statistics?
In case-control studies, what does the odds ratio measure?
In case-control studies, what does the odds ratio measure?
What is the appropriate statistical test for comparing more than two groups?
What is the appropriate statistical test for comparing more than two groups?
Which of the following definitions accurately describes inferential statistics?
Which of the following definitions accurately describes inferential statistics?
What does an odds ratio of 1 signify in a study?
What does an odds ratio of 1 signify in a study?
What was the purpose of calculating the 95 percent confidence interval in the study?
What was the purpose of calculating the 95 percent confidence interval in the study?
Why would an interval ranging from 1.2 to 2.0 indicate significance?
Why would an interval ranging from 1.2 to 2.0 indicate significance?
What is the primary function of the abstract in a research paper?
What is the primary function of the abstract in a research paper?
What is typically found in the methods section of a research paper?
What is typically found in the methods section of a research paper?
What do reviewers evaluate when reviewing a research paper?
What do reviewers evaluate when reviewing a research paper?
How does the discussion section of a research paper contribute to the overall study?
How does the discussion section of a research paper contribute to the overall study?
What role does the editor play after a research paper is submitted?
What role does the editor play after a research paper is submitted?
Which statement best reflects the purpose of statistical analysis?
Which statement best reflects the purpose of statistical analysis?
What is a common misconception regarding statistics?
What is a common misconception regarding statistics?
What does a higher standard deviation indicate about a data set?
What does a higher standard deviation indicate about a data set?
What does the term 'statistical power' refer to in a study?
What does the term 'statistical power' refer to in a study?
What should a researcher include to allow repetition of their study?
What should a researcher include to allow repetition of their study?
What can be inferred about the relationship between passing the EMS exam and holding a college degree based on the odds ratio reported?
What can be inferred about the relationship between passing the EMS exam and holding a college degree based on the odds ratio reported?
What distinguishes descriptive statistics from inferential statistics?
What distinguishes descriptive statistics from inferential statistics?
Which part of a research paper outlines how conclusions were drawn from the data?
Which part of a research paper outlines how conclusions were drawn from the data?
In the context of sampling error, what is it?
In the context of sampling error, what is it?
What type of data do qualitative statistics primarily deal with?
What type of data do qualitative statistics primarily deal with?
Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?
Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?
What does the odds ratio reflect in case-control studies?
What does the odds ratio reflect in case-control studies?
Why must researchers be cautious about confidence intervals?
Why must researchers be cautious about confidence intervals?
What is the main purpose of using inferential statistics?
What is the main purpose of using inferential statistics?
Which statistical test is commonly used for comparing means among groups?
Which statistical test is commonly used for comparing means among groups?
When might it be impossible to find the mean of a data set?
When might it be impossible to find the mean of a data set?
What is the role of variability in estimating proportions?
What is the role of variability in estimating proportions?
How is the confidence interval of 20 percent with a variability of 6 percent expressed?
How is the confidence interval of 20 percent with a variability of 6 percent expressed?
What role does an abstract serve at national peer meetings?
What role does an abstract serve at national peer meetings?
Which statement about the peer review process is accurate?
Which statement about the peer review process is accurate?
What recent change has been made by the journal Annals of Emergency Medicine regarding paper reviews?
What recent change has been made by the journal Annals of Emergency Medicine regarding paper reviews?
What is one benefit of the Internet age concerning access to scientific literature?
What is one benefit of the Internet age concerning access to scientific literature?
What platform provides a free and accessible database of medical and scientific literature?
What platform provides a free and accessible database of medical and scientific literature?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for journals regarding research involving human subjects?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for journals regarding research involving human subjects?
What is a potential issue if the hypothesis in a study is not clearly defined?
What is a potential issue if the hypothesis in a study is not clearly defined?
What does it mean if a study employed convenience sampling?
What does it mean if a study employed convenience sampling?
Why is it important for researchers to account for confounding variables?
Why is it important for researchers to account for confounding variables?
What issue arises if the sample size in a study is too small?
What issue arises if the sample size in a study is too small?
What is a challenge faced when searching the PubMed database?
What is a challenge faced when searching the PubMed database?
What is implied if a journal publishes research papers of lower quality on purpose?
What is implied if a journal publishes research papers of lower quality on purpose?
In randomized controlled studies, why is randomization important?
In randomized controlled studies, why is randomization important?
What must be described to prevent type II errors in a study?
What must be described to prevent type II errors in a study?
Which of the following is considered an ethical requirement for conducting research involving human subjects?
Which of the following is considered an ethical requirement for conducting research involving human subjects?
What is the term used to describe the inappropriate use of statistical tests to find significant results repeatedly?
What is the term used to describe the inappropriate use of statistical tests to find significant results repeatedly?
Why can a small P-value be impressive but not necessarily proof of the study hypothesis?
Why can a small P-value be impressive but not necessarily proof of the study hypothesis?
Which of the following is an example of association, NOT causation, as highlighted in the text?
Which of the following is an example of association, NOT causation, as highlighted in the text?
What is a key factor to consider when evaluating the validity of an EMS research study?
What is a key factor to consider when evaluating the validity of an EMS research study?
What is a crucial step to take when a research paper contradicts established knowledge?
What is a crucial step to take when a research paper contradicts established knowledge?
Which of the following is NOT a question to consider when evaluating the quality of a study?
Which of the following is NOT a question to consider when evaluating the quality of a study?
Why is it important to ensure that the study groups are properly sized?
Why is it important to ensure that the study groups are properly sized?
What is the significance of a study being peer-reviewed?
What is the significance of a study being peer-reviewed?
What is a critical element in ensuring ethical research?
What is a critical element in ensuring ethical research?
What is the purpose of inclusion and exclusion criteria in a study?
What is the purpose of inclusion and exclusion criteria in a study?
Which type of research focuses on understanding the 'why' behind phenomena, using non-numeric data and exploring natural settings?
Which type of research focuses on understanding the 'why' behind phenomena, using non-numeric data and exploring natural settings?
What was the main ethical violation in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
What was the main ethical violation in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
What is the primary reason researchers rely on confidence intervals when interpreting research results?
What is the primary reason researchers rely on confidence intervals when interpreting research results?
A research project aims to understand the impact of a new medication on patient recovery time. Which research design would be most appropriate for this study?
A research project aims to understand the impact of a new medication on patient recovery time. Which research design would be most appropriate for this study?
Which of the following is NOT a fundamental principle of the Helsinki Declaration?
Which of the following is NOT a fundamental principle of the Helsinki Declaration?
What does 'a 95 percent confidence interval' indicate?
What does 'a 95 percent confidence interval' indicate?
What is the primary role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
What is the primary role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
If a confidence interval for a proportion includes zero, what does this imply about the results?
If a confidence interval for a proportion includes zero, what does this imply about the results?
What is the primary difference between experimental and quasiexperimental studies?
What is the primary difference between experimental and quasiexperimental studies?
A researcher investigates the relationship between caffeine consumption and alertness levels. They survey a group of participants about their caffeine intake and then measure their alertness using a standardized test. What type of research is this?
A researcher investigates the relationship between caffeine consumption and alertness levels. They survey a group of participants about their caffeine intake and then measure their alertness using a standardized test. What type of research is this?
What type of data are considered 'qualitative' in statistical analysis?
What type of data are considered 'qualitative' in statistical analysis?
Which document was released in 1979 as a direct response to the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
Which document was released in 1979 as a direct response to the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
Which of these research methods is often used to gather information about public opinion or market trends?
Which of these research methods is often used to gather information about public opinion or market trends?
What does an Odds Ratio (OR) of 1 indicate in a case-control study?
What does an Odds Ratio (OR) of 1 indicate in a case-control study?
Which of the following is NOT a legal consideration regarding medical research in the United States today?
Which of the following is NOT a legal consideration regarding medical research in the United States today?
What is the primary advantage of prospective studies over retrospective studies?
What is the primary advantage of prospective studies over retrospective studies?
In a case-control study, a confidence interval for an odds ratio that includes 1 signifies what?
In a case-control study, a confidence interval for an odds ratio that includes 1 signifies what?
What is the primary difference between quantitative and qualitative data?
What is the primary difference between quantitative and qualitative data?
A study examines the relationship between smoking and lung cancer by collecting data on past and current smokers' medical records. What type of study is this?
A study examines the relationship between smoking and lung cancer by collecting data on past and current smokers' medical records. What type of study is this?
What is the ‘mean’ in statistics?
What is the ‘mean’ in statistics?
What is the purpose of statistical tests?
What is the purpose of statistical tests?
Which statistical measure is best suited for data that is not normally distributed?
Which statistical measure is best suited for data that is not normally distributed?
Why are observational studies often used when studying the effectiveness of medical treatments?
Why are observational studies often used when studying the effectiveness of medical treatments?
Which of the following is NOT a common statistical test mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is NOT a common statistical test mentioned in the content?
What is a ‘bell curve’ in statistics?
What is a ‘bell curve’ in statistics?
A researcher wants to investigate the impact of a new exercise program on blood pressure. They recruit participants and randomly assign them to either a control group (no exercise) or an experimental group (exercise program). This is an example of a(n):
A researcher wants to investigate the impact of a new exercise program on blood pressure. They recruit participants and randomly assign them to either a control group (no exercise) or an experimental group (exercise program). This is an example of a(n):
What does ‘variance’ measure in statistics?
What does ‘variance’ measure in statistics?
What is the significance of having an odds ratio greater than 1 in a case-control study?
What is the significance of having an odds ratio greater than 1 in a case-control study?
Which of these research methods typically involves a control group?
Which of these research methods typically involves a control group?
Which statistical measure would be most useful in describing the typical number of emergency calls received by EMS agencies in a state where there are a few very busy services and many less busy services?
Which statistical measure would be most useful in describing the typical number of emergency calls received by EMS agencies in a state where there are a few very busy services and many less busy services?
If the confidence interval for an odds ratio does not include 1, what conclusion can be drawn?
If the confidence interval for an odds ratio does not include 1, what conclusion can be drawn?
A research project seeks to understand the experiences of patients who have undergone a specific surgery. What research approach would be most suitable for this?
A research project seeks to understand the experiences of patients who have undergone a specific surgery. What research approach would be most suitable for this?
What does the phrase 'There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics' refer to?
What does the phrase 'There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics' refer to?
A researcher studies the effectiveness of a new pain relief medication by tracking patients' pain levels over time. What is the independent variable in this study?
A researcher studies the effectiveness of a new pain relief medication by tracking patients' pain levels over time. What is the independent variable in this study?
What is the key difference between the mean and the median?
What is the key difference between the mean and the median?
What is the main goal of statistical methods in scientific research?
What is the main goal of statistical methods in scientific research?
A study collects data on the prevalence of diabetes in a specific population by reviewing medical records from the past five years. What type of study is this?
A study collects data on the prevalence of diabetes in a specific population by reviewing medical records from the past five years. What type of study is this?
Why is a proper statistical analysis important in research?
Why is a proper statistical analysis important in research?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of a confidence interval?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of a confidence interval?
What is the most important factor in determining the validity of a research study?
What is the most important factor in determining the validity of a research study?
What is the relationship between the confidence interval and the sample size?
What is the relationship between the confidence interval and the sample size?
Which of the following best describes the goal of a meta-analysis?
Which of the following best describes the goal of a meta-analysis?
In the context of medical research, what is the purpose of informed consent?
In the context of medical research, what is the purpose of informed consent?
What is the difference between ethical guidelines and legal regulations in medical research?
What is the difference between ethical guidelines and legal regulations in medical research?
What is the primary purpose of analyzing data with statistical tests?
What is the primary purpose of analyzing data with statistical tests?
What is the primary objective of EMS Agenda 2050?
What is the primary objective of EMS Agenda 2050?
What is the key advantage of the scientific method?
What is the key advantage of the scientific method?
What is the first step in the scientific method?
What is the first step in the scientific method?
What is the purpose of constructing a hypothesis in the scientific method?
What is the purpose of constructing a hypothesis in the scientific method?
What does a fair test in an experiment require?
What does a fair test in an experiment require?
Why is it important to define the parameters of an experiment clearly?
Why is it important to define the parameters of an experiment clearly?
What is the purpose of using PubMed?
What is the purpose of using PubMed?
What does the term 'science' essentially mean?
What does the term 'science' essentially mean?
What is the role of research in EMS?
What is the role of research in EMS?
What is meant by the statement 'medicine is both an art and a science'?
What is meant by the statement 'medicine is both an art and a science'?
What is the significance of incorporating standard scientific methodology into the evaluation of biomedical and technical advances in prehospital and out-of-hospital care?
What is the significance of incorporating standard scientific methodology into the evaluation of biomedical and technical advances in prehospital and out-of-hospital care?
Why is it important to have access to patient outcome information for EMS research?
Why is it important to have access to patient outcome information for EMS research?
What is the significance of research in ensuring that the best possible patient care is provided in the prehospital and out-of-hospital setting?
What is the significance of research in ensuring that the best possible patient care is provided in the prehospital and out-of-hospital setting?
What is a key obstacle to EMS research?
What is a key obstacle to EMS research?
What is the most important factor in ensuring high-quality patient care in the prehospital setting?
What is the most important factor in ensuring high-quality patient care in the prehospital setting?
Why is it important to emphasize the overall health of the community when considering EMS research?
Why is it important to emphasize the overall health of the community when considering EMS research?
Which of the following is NOT a valid reason for the evolution of EMS research in the last two decades?
Which of the following is NOT a valid reason for the evolution of EMS research in the last two decades?
What is the primary purpose of 'bench research' as described in the text?
What is the primary purpose of 'bench research' as described in the text?
What does the term 'external validity' refer to in the context of scientific research?
What does the term 'external validity' refer to in the context of scientific research?
What was the primary finding of the Ontario Prehospital Advanced Life Support (OPALS) study regarding cardiac arrest patients?
What was the primary finding of the Ontario Prehospital Advanced Life Support (OPALS) study regarding cardiac arrest patients?
What was a major finding of the OPALS study regarding major trauma patients?
What was a major finding of the OPALS study regarding major trauma patients?
Which of the following is NOT a major group of adult patients evaluated in the OPALS study?
Which of the following is NOT a major group of adult patients evaluated in the OPALS study?
What is the primary reason for the concern over the rights of individuals participating in medical research?
What is the primary reason for the concern over the rights of individuals participating in medical research?
What historical event prompted the development of the Nuremberg Code of 1947?
What historical event prompted the development of the Nuremberg Code of 1947?
What was the main purpose of the Nuremberg Code of 1947?
What was the main purpose of the Nuremberg Code of 1947?
What specific ethical principle is violated when research subjects are not informed of the risks and benefits of participating in a study?
What specific ethical principle is violated when research subjects are not informed of the risks and benefits of participating in a study?
What is the primary difference between bench research and animal research?
What is the primary difference between bench research and animal research?
Which of the following is an example of a practice that was initially considered beneficial but was later found to be ineffective or harmful through EMS research?
Which of the following is an example of a practice that was initially considered beneficial but was later found to be ineffective or harmful through EMS research?
What is the significance of the 'chain of survival' concept in cardiac arrest treatment?
What is the significance of the 'chain of survival' concept in cardiac arrest treatment?
What is a major limitation of animal research in understanding human health?
What is a major limitation of animal research in understanding human health?
Which of the following statements about the role of EMS physicians in research is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the role of EMS physicians in research is accurate?
The OPALS study was the first of its kind to:
The OPALS study was the first of its kind to:
In what scenario is the median a more suitable measure of central tendency compared to the mean?
In what scenario is the median a more suitable measure of central tendency compared to the mean?
What does the standard deviation tell us about a set of data?
What does the standard deviation tell us about a set of data?
Which of these is NOT a measure of central tendency?
Which of these is NOT a measure of central tendency?
How is the variance calculated?
How is the variance calculated?
In a frequency distribution graph, what does the mode represent?
In a frequency distribution graph, what does the mode represent?
Why is the mean a less reliable measure of central tendency when data is not normally distributed?
Why is the mean a less reliable measure of central tendency when data is not normally distributed?
If two groups of data have the same mean, but one group has a significantly higher standard deviation than the other, what can be concluded?
If two groups of data have the same mean, but one group has a significantly higher standard deviation than the other, what can be concluded?
Which of these is NOT a measure of dispersion?
Which of these is NOT a measure of dispersion?
What is the main purpose of calculating the standard deviation?
What is the main purpose of calculating the standard deviation?
In the context of EMS agencies, what is the potential issue with using the mean number of calls received to represent the typical workload?
In the context of EMS agencies, what is the potential issue with using the mean number of calls received to represent the typical workload?
How does the standard deviation help us compare the performance of two EMT classes that have the same mean exam score?
How does the standard deviation help us compare the performance of two EMT classes that have the same mean exam score?
Why is dividing by one less than the number of data points considered when calculating the variance for a sample?
Why is dividing by one less than the number of data points considered when calculating the variance for a sample?
What is the definition of sampling error?
What is the definition of sampling error?
Which statistical concept is used by polling organizations to estimate population characteristics from surveys?
Which statistical concept is used by polling organizations to estimate population characteristics from surveys?
How does the mode help describe a set of data?
How does the mode help describe a set of data?
Why is it important to understand both measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion when analyzing data?
Why is it important to understand both measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion when analyzing data?
Flashcards
Importance of Research in EMS
Importance of Research in EMS
Research is crucial for improving practices and proving effectiveness in EMS.
Outcomes-Based Research
Outcomes-Based Research
Research focused on determining if interventions improve patient outcomes like mortality and quality of life.
National EMS Research Agenda (2001)
National EMS Research Agenda (2001)
A document guiding future EMS research in the U.S., emphasizing the need for research.
Historic Practices in EMS
Historic Practices in EMS
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Changing Practices Based on Research
Changing Practices Based on Research
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Funding for EMS Research
Funding for EMS Research
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Collaboration in EMS Research
Collaboration in EMS Research
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Ethics in EMS Research
Ethics in EMS Research
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EMS Research Infrastructure
EMS Research Infrastructure
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EMS Agenda 2050
EMS Agenda 2050
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Evidence-Based Guidelines
Evidence-Based Guidelines
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Importance of Funding in EMS
Importance of Funding in EMS
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Patient Outcome Information
Patient Outcome Information
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Scientific Method
Scientific Method
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Observation in Scientific Method
Observation in Scientific Method
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Hypothesis Construction
Hypothesis Construction
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Testing The Hypothesis
Testing The Hypothesis
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Data Collection and Analysis
Data Collection and Analysis
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Revision of Hypothesis
Revision of Hypothesis
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Reporting Results
Reporting Results
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Systematic Study
Systematic Study
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Types of EMS Calls
Types of EMS Calls
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Lunar Cycle Influence
Lunar Cycle Influence
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Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research
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Independent Variable
Independent Variable
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Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable
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Nonexperimental Research
Nonexperimental Research
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Survey-Quantitative Research
Survey-Quantitative Research
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Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research
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Retrospective Study
Retrospective Study
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Prospective Study
Prospective Study
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Experimental Study
Experimental Study
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Quasiexperimental Study
Quasiexperimental Study
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Observational Study
Observational Study
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Validity of Studies
Validity of Studies
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Control Group
Control Group
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Meta-analysis
Meta-analysis
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Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
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Single Blind Study
Single Blind Study
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Double Blind Study
Double Blind Study
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Nonrandomized Controlled Trials
Nonrandomized Controlled Trials
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Cohort Study
Cohort Study
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Cross-sectional Study
Cross-sectional Study
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Case Series
Case Series
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Case Report
Case Report
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Expert Opinion
Expert Opinion
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Bias Reduction
Bias Reduction
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Demographics
Demographics
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Validity
Validity
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Animal Research
Animal Research
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Bench Research
Bench Research
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External Validity
External Validity
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Internal Validity
Internal Validity
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Generalizability
Generalizability
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OPALS Study
OPALS Study
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Bystander CPR Impact
Bystander CPR Impact
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Advanced Life Support (ALS)
Advanced Life Support (ALS)
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Mortality and Morbidity in Trauma
Mortality and Morbidity in Trauma
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Nuremberg Code
Nuremberg Code
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Ethics in Medical Research
Ethics in Medical Research
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Validity in Research
Validity in Research
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Major Trauma Component
Major Trauma Component
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Historical Research Practices
Historical Research Practices
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Research for EMS Practitioners
Research for EMS Practitioners
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Full Moon Study Period
Full Moon Study Period
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Hypothesis
Hypothesis
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Statistical Analysis
Statistical Analysis
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Iterative Process
Iterative Process
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Psychiatric Emergencies
Psychiatric Emergencies
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Cardiac Arrest Belief
Cardiac Arrest Belief
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Full Moon and Childbirth
Full Moon and Childbirth
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Emergency Department Volumes
Emergency Department Volumes
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Mixed Research
Mixed Research
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Publication of Results
Publication of Results
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Full Moon Myth
Full Moon Myth
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Tuskegee Experiment
Tuskegee Experiment
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Helsinki Declaration
Helsinki Declaration
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Belmont Report
Belmont Report
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Informed Consent
Informed Consent
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Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
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Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
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Inferential Statistics
Inferential Statistics
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Mean
Mean
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Median
Median
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Variance
Variance
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Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Central Tendency
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Dispersal of Data
Dispersal of Data
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Normal Distribution
Normal Distribution
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Skewness in Data
Skewness in Data
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Sampling Error
Sampling Error
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Confidence Interval
Confidence Interval
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Statistical Significance
Statistical Significance
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Qualitative Statistics
Qualitative Statistics
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Quantitative Statistics
Quantitative Statistics
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Odds Ratio
Odds Ratio
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Nominal Data
Nominal Data
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Ordinal Data
Ordinal Data
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t-test
t-test
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ANOVA
ANOVA
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Chi-Square Test
Chi-Square Test
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Statistical Bias
Statistical Bias
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Case-Control Study
Case-Control Study
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95% Confidence Level
95% Confidence Level
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Clinical Note on Statistics
Clinical Note on Statistics
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Standard Deviation (SD)
Standard Deviation (SD)
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Mode
Mode
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Estimation of Parameters
Estimation of Parameters
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Variability
Variability
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Group Performance Comparison
Group Performance Comparison
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Square the Differences
Square the Differences
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Example of Statistical Analysis
Example of Statistical Analysis
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Frequency Distribution Graph
Frequency Distribution Graph
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Data Spread Analysis
Data Spread Analysis
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Continuous Data
Continuous Data
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Skewed Data
Skewed Data
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Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation
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Percentile
Percentile
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Frequency Distribution
Frequency Distribution
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Data Dispersion
Data Dispersion
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Population Parameter
Population Parameter
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Outliers
Outliers
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Central Tendency
Central Tendency
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Data Snooping
Data Snooping
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P Value
P Value
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Association vs. Causation
Association vs. Causation
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Confounding Variables
Confounding Variables
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Statistically Significant Results
Statistically Significant Results
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Peer Review
Peer Review
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Replicability in Research
Replicability in Research
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Ethical Approval
Ethical Approval
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Logical Conclusions
Logical Conclusions
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Confidence Level
Confidence Level
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Sampling Size
Sampling Size
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Parameter Estimation
Parameter Estimation
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Null Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
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Abstract
Abstract
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Methods Section
Methods Section
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Results Section
Results Section
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Discussion Section
Discussion Section
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Sample Size
Sample Size
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Limitations of the Study
Limitations of the Study
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Call for Further Research
Call for Further Research
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Statistical Power
Statistical Power
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Significance Level
Significance Level
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Abstract vs. Full Paper
Abstract vs. Full Paper
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Abstract in Research
Abstract in Research
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Peer Review Process
Peer Review Process
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IRB Approval
IRB Approval
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Open Access Journals
Open Access Journals
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PubMed Database
PubMed Database
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Sample Size in Research
Sample Size in Research
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Bias in Research
Bias in Research
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Random Sampling
Random Sampling
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Statistical Tests
Statistical Tests
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Hypothesis Clarity
Hypothesis Clarity
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Quality of Published Papers
Quality of Published Papers
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Population vs Sample
Population vs Sample
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Quantitative Data
Quantitative Data
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Clinical Research Importance
Clinical Research Importance
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Study Notes
Evolution of Modern EMS Research
- EMS initially lacked scientific backing, relying on practices from other fields (e.g., hospitals, fire departments) based on expert opinions.
- Research has since revealed some previously intuitive practices, like endotracheal intubation, MAST, and spinal immobilization, to be less effective than previously believed.
- Research is crucial for EMS to demonstrate effectiveness and cost-efficiency, garnering funding and support. Outcomes-based research helps evaluate procedure, drug, and treatment effectiveness on patient outcomes (mortality, morbidity, quality of life).
National EMS Research Agenda
- The 2001 National EMS Research Agenda, published by NHTSA, highlighted the need for EMS research and recommended:
- Developing a cadre of EMS researchers.
- Encouraging collaboration among researchers from various disciplines.
- Establishing reliable government funding for EMS research.
- Creating alternative funding sources outside of government.
- Acknowledging the necessity of research for improved patient care.
- Improving ethical approaches to research.
- This agenda emphasized a national investment in EMS research to overcome current obstacles.
EMS Agenda 2050
- EMS Agenda 2050 builds upon the 2001 agenda with the goal of developing a people-centered EMS system.
- A key component is creating evidence-based guidelines for prehospital emergency care.
- Increased funding is required to develop treatments for health issues crucial to EMS, including injury and sudden cardiac arrest.
Scientific Method Overview
- Science is defined as knowledge gained through study and practice, developed through the scientific method.
- Research is the systematic study to discover facts and principles—crucial for understanding EMS application and limits
- EMS involves both the science of knowledge and the art of applying it
- The scientific method is crucial for unbiased and reproducible research, encompassing observation, research, hypothesis construction, experimentation, result analysis/conclusion, revision, and reporting.
Scientific Method in EMS Research
- Research steps involve observation, data collection, hypothesis construction, experimentation, result analysis, and reporting.
- Example: Researching the relationship between the full moon and psychiatric emergencies. Requires defining "psychiatric calls", "full moon," and time intervals for study.
- Iterative process: Experimentation sometimes requires revision to further refine the study.
Full Moon Myth Debunked
- Many believe full moons correlate with increased emergency calls, but research disproves this for incidents like:
- Heart attacks and cardiac arrests
- Psychiatric emergencies
- Childbirths
- General emergencies Specific examples included New Jersey (cardiac arrest), Austrian (coronary events), 2017 (psychiatric), Mayo Clinic (psychosis), Irish (births), Illinois (ED volume), and German (multiple myths).
Research Types
- Research is categorized as quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods.
- Quantitative: Objective, numerical. Examples include studying the effect of EMS response times on patient survival.
- Qualitative: Subjective, descriptive, and focused on understanding the “why.” Examples include studies on EMS provider stress.
- Mixed methods: Combines quantitative and qualitative approaches.
Study Design
- Studies can be retrospective (using existing data) or prospective (collecting new data).
- Prospective studies are typically more reliable due to a designed instrument and less opportunity for bias.
- However, retrospective studies have immediate access to available data and are typically less expensive.
Validity in Research
- Experimental designs have varying degrees of validity, including:
- Randomized controlled trials (RCTs): Subjects randomly assigned to treatment and control groups; considered most valid.
- Quasiexperimental studies: Subjects not randomly assigned; less valid than RCTs, but sometimes necessary.
- Observational studies: No control group; less valid than experimental or quasi-experimental, but important in situations where withholding treatment is unethical.
- Meta-analysis: Combining results from multiple RCTs increases generalizability.
Common Study Types
- Cohort studies: Following groups of subjects over time to compare outcomes. Example: Twin studies looking at genetic factors.
- Cross-sectional studies: Comparing various groups at a single point in time. Example: Studying EMS provider training level at a specific date.
- Case series: Studying a group of patients with similar conditions. Example: Identifying the AIDS epidemic.
- Case report: Detailed study of an individual patient.
- Animal/Bench research: Important for understanding drug/procedure effects in biological systems or foundational research before human studies begin.
Evaluating Research
- When examining research supporting clinical practices, consider:
- Peer review
- Study hypothesis clarity
- Ethical considerations (IRB approval)
- Study design appropriateness (including population similarity and inclusion/exclusion criteria)
- Sampling methods (e.g., random vs. convenience sampling)
- Sample size/statistical power
- Confounding variables
- Statistical tests appropriateness and potential data snooping
- Proper result reporting (including confidence intervals)
- Distinction between association and causation
- How good was the EMS system in which the study was done? (example: Effect of AED if response time is 15 minutes)
Statistics in Research
- Descriptive statistics: Describe sample data (mean, median, variance, standard deviation, mode)
- Inferential statistics: Draw inferences about populations from a sample. Includes sampling error.
- Confidence intervals: Range of values containing a true value with a specified confidence level. If interval includes zero, results are not significant.
- Statistical tests such as t-tests, ANOVA, chi-square, and odds ratios aid in studying correlations and comparing groups.
Research Paper Structure for EMS
- Abstract: Brief summary of study needs, methods, and results
- Introduction: Overview of previous research and study purpose.
- Methods: Details on methods used—including population, subject selection, interventions
- Results: Data presentation with tables/graphs, but no interpretation
- Discussion: Interpretation and significance of results and limitations
- Conclusion: Brief recap of key findings
- Peer review enhances study quality; authors submit to the journal, undergo review and often revisions before publication. Reviewers are often blinded to details and work to ensure objectivity.
Ethical Considerations in Research
- Nuremberg Code (1947): Established guidelines for ethical human research.
- Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972): Highlighted unethical research practices in the US.
- Helsinki Declaration (1964): Emphasized human rights, informed consent by the subject, and protection of patient safety.
- Belmont Report (1979): U.S. guidelines for ethical practices in protecting human subjects in research
- Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval is required for many medical studies to protect human subjects
- Ensuring the right of those who serve as research study subjects
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