EMS Research Developments Quiz

<p>To demonstrate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of EMS care and services (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focus on only highly complex and advanced medical interventions in research studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that EMS practices are evidence-based and effective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased job security and satisfaction for EMS providers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To gain public support and ensure continued funding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantitative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased incidents of dog bites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variable that is being changed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of numbers to describe findings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To open up further discussion and analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Revising steps based on new information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Full moon phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To contribute to the overall body of knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Case report (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Driver distraction due to the bright moon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of emergency department visits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both the subjects and experimenters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is no evidence supporting a link between lunar phases and childbirth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cohort study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Case series (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To debunk the myth of full moons causing heart attacks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Researchers can influence group assignments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a result of confirmation bias and anecdotal evidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It uses a large sample size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is no evidence to support a link between full moons and emergencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross-sectional studies analyze data from a single point in time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To establish a clear timeframe for the study's scope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expert opinion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may lead to the adoption of ineffective or even harmful practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be affected by preexisting differences between groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross-sectional study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Following a group of patients with diabetes over time to track their blood sugar levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Randomized controlled trial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sharing treatment group data between researchers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesize findings from multiple individual studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure the spread or dispersion of the data around the mean. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By summing the squared differences between each value and the mean, dividing by the number of values, and then taking the square root. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The group with the higher standard deviation has more spread-out data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The value that appears most frequently in the data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive statistics describe the sample, while inferential statistics draw inferences about the population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference between the sample mean and the population mean, due to sampling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A range of values that is likely to contain the true population mean. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The results are not statistically significant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Qualitative tests are used for categorical data, while quantitative tests are used for numerical data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variance is calculated by summing the squared differences from the mean, while standard deviation is calculated by taking the square root of the variance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce the potential for bias in the estimate of the population variance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A larger standard deviation indicates a wider distribution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The class with the smaller standard deviation likely has more consistent achievement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A range of values that is likely to contain the true survival rate for the population of patients with cardiac arrest. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To draw inferences about the population from which the sample was drawn. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Larger samples generally lead to more reliable conclusions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EMS practices should be constantly evaluated and adapted based on scientific evidence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EMS providers should be cautious about adopting new treatments but not hesitant to abandon old ones when their effectiveness is questioned. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To summarize the characteristics of a sample. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The distribution is skewed, with more data points at one end of the distribution than the other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The median is less affected by extreme values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure the spread or dispersion of the data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standard deviation is the square root of the variance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps us to understand the variability of scores within each class. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mean (A), Median (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Class 1 had a higher variance and standard deviation, indicating a wider range of scores. (B), Class 2 had a lower variance and standard deviation, suggesting more consistent performance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mean is highly sensitive to outliers, such as exceptionally busy EMS services. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To improve patient care outcomes and reduce the risk of complications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using data from a sample of patients to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of a new medication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive statistics are used to describe data, while inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions about populations based on samples. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Categorical data that are nonnumeric in nature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stronger likelihood of having the risk factor in the presence of the condition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To indicate the reliability of statistical results. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nominal data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mean, median, and mode are all equal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To summarize the main characteristics of a dataset. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The association between risk factor and condition is insignificant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantitative data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All statistics are unbiased and objective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strength of association between a risk factor and an outcome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ANOVA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistics that make predictions about a population based on a sample. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is no association between the variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess whether there is a statistically significant relationship. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not include 1, suggesting a strong relationship. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To summarize the study's need, methods, and results. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A detailed description of how the study was conducted. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The paper’s adherence to research standards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By interpreting findings and discussing their significance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To select reviewers and make publication decisions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove bias and analyze data objectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistics can be manipulated to show various outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The data points are more spread out from the mean. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The capability to detect a difference when one exists. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detailed methodology and sample size. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There might be a slight association, but it's statistically insignificant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive statistics summarize sample data without drawing conclusions about the population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discussion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference between sample value and population value due to sample selection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-numeric categories or ranked data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The temperature measured in degrees. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The likelihood of a risk factor occurring if the condition is present versus not present. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because a CI that includes zero indicates no significant difference. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To draw conclusions about a population based on sample data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T-test. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the data consists of categorical or nominal values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To indicate how much the proportion could differ in different samples. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20% ± 6% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is used to gather feedback that may influence the full paper. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recent studies have highlighted deficiencies in many published papers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reviewers receive training on evaluating statistical usage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many articles can be quickly accessed online. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PubMed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Publication of study results within one year. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Researchers may draw unjustified conclusions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants were chosen based on availability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ignoring them can lead to unreliable conclusions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study may lack sufficient statistical power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The complexity of the searches may necessitate librarian assistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They aim to provoke debate on important issues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps eliminate selection bias in assigning groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sample size necessary for adequate power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obtaining Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data dredging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A small P-value only indicates the likelihood of observing the results if the hypothesis is true, not its certainty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher ice cream sales are associated with a greater number of drownings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The quality of the EMS system in which the study took place. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attempt to replicate the experiment before making any significant changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Were the authors paid by a pharmaceutical company to conduct the study? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improper group sizes can lead to biased results and impact the reliability of the study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peer review provides an objective review of the study by experts in the field. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The approval of the study by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To standardize the study population and reduce variability in the data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Qualitative research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To estimate the range of values that the true population parameter could fall within (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimental study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Financial compensation for participation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>We are 95 percent confident that the true population parameter lies within the calculated interval (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the rights and welfare of human subjects in research. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a real possibility that there is no actual difference between the study group outcome and the control group outcome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimental studies involve random assignment of participants, while quasiexperimental studies do not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonexperimental research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data representing a ranking or order, like the severity of a disease stage (B), Data categorized into groups, such as gender (male, female) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Belmont Report (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Survey research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No association between the risk factor and the condition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Researchers can use any population group they choose for their studies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prospective studies allow for more control over the data collection process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No statistically significant association between the risk factor and the condition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantitative data is numerical and can be measured, while qualitative data is non-numerical and deals with categories or descriptions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retrospective study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The average value in a dataset. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To analyze the relationships between variables and draw conclusions from data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Median (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observational studies are more ethical when withholding treatment might harm a patient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlation test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A graphical representation of a data set that is normally distributed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimental study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spread or dispersion of a dataset. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The risk factor is statistically significant, implying a potentially strong association with the condition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimental study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Median (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a statistically significant association between the risk factor and the condition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Qualitative research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potential for misinterpreting or manipulating statistical data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mean is sensitive to outliers, while the median is less sensitive to outliers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To draw inferences and make predictions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retrospective study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To eliminate bias and subjective interpretations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reflects the uncertainty associated with the sample estimate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adherence to the scientific method (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A larger sample size generally leads to a narrower confidence interval (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To combine the results of multiple studies on a particular topic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow participants to make an informed decision about participating in research. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethical guidelines are aspirational, while legal regulations are enforceable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify patterns and relationships within the data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To develop evidence-based guidelines for prehospital emergency care. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a framework for studying phenomena without bias. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observing and asking questions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a tentative explanation for an observation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modifying only one variable at a time while keeping other conditions constant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure the experiment is replicable by others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To conduct background research and explore existing studies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pursuit of knowledge through observation and experimentation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure the effectiveness of EMS interventions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scientific principles guide medical practice, but clinical judgment and decision-making are also crucial. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of the advances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate and enhance the effectiveness of prehospital care. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate the effectiveness of existing interventions and identify areas for improvement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate funding and resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evidence-based research and continuous quality improvement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To improve the health outcomes of the community and reduce healthcare costs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased funding for EMS research due to public concerns about its effectiveness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To study basic biological processes and mechanisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The extent to which the research findings can be generalized to other populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ALS procedures were found to be ineffective in improving survival rates when compared to basic life support (BLS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ALS interventions increased mortality and morbidity in certain groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients experiencing stroke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing potential harm or exploitation of research subjects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Nazi medical experiments during World War II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To establish ethical guidelines for human research studies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bench research focuses on basic biological processes, while animal research tests the effectiveness of treatments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of advanced life support (ALS) for major trauma patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights the importance of early defibrillation and CPR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to replicate human responses and reactions accurately (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EMS physicians are increasingly playing a more active role in driving and conducting EMS research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantify the importance of various links in the cardiac arrest chain of survival. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When there are a few extreme values that skew the data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The average difference between each data point and the mean. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standard Deviation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By squaring the difference between each data point and the mean and then averaging these squared differences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The data point with the highest frequency of occurrence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mean is too sensitive to extreme values, especially in skewed distributions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The group with the higher standard deviation is more spread out. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Median (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure the spread or dispersion of data around the mean. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mean is influenced by a few very busy agencies, creating an inaccurate representation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The standard deviation indicates the spread of scores within each class, revealing their relative consistency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps to correct for the bias introduced when using a sample to estimate the population variance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference between the sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inferential statistics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mode identifies the most frequently occurring data point. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measures of central tendency provide information about the center of the data, while measures of dispersion indicate how spread out the data is. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research is crucial for improving practices and proving effectiveness in EMS.

Research focused on determining if interventions improve patient outcomes like mortality and quality of life.

A document guiding future EMS research in the U.S., emphasizing the need for research.

Early EMS relied on practices from other fields without scientific backing.

A hallmark of a profession, indicating that practices adapt as new research emerges.

Critical for proving the effectiveness of EMS services and securing support.

Encouraging partnerships between EMS and other disciplines to enhance research quality.

The necessity of ethical standards in conducting EMS research to ensure trust and integrity.

A system for supporting EMS research through funding and training.

A research agenda aiming to develop a people-centered EMS system.

Guidelines developed from researched evidence for prehospital emergency care.

Funding is crucial to train researchers and develop effective treatments.

Data regarding the results of patient care used for evaluation and improvement.

A systematic process for inquiry that leads to knowledge and understanding.

The first step where questions arise from noticing phenomena.

Creating a testable statement or question based on initial findings.

Experimenting to see if the hypothesis is true or false.

Gathering and evaluating information to validate findings or hypotheses.

Adjusting the hypothesis based on experimental results and observations.

Sharing experimental findings and their implications to the wider community.

A careful and organized approach to investigating phenomena in science.

Categorization of emergency calls to understand patterns in phenomena.

The potential relationship between the moon phases and psychiatric emergency calls.

Research that involves measurable data to draw conclusions.

The variable that is manipulated to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

The variable that is measured and affected in an experiment.

Research that studies situations where variables cannot be manipulated.

Research that collects data through surveys to analyze a population's opinions or behaviors.

Research that focuses on understanding concepts, thoughts, or experiences rather than numerical data.

Research that looks back at existing data to find patterns or insights.

Research that collects data going forward from a specific point in time.

Research that involves a treatment group and a control group, with random assignment of subjects.

Research similar to experimental but lacks random assignment of subjects.

Research that does not involve manipulation of variables and studies subjects in their natural setting.

The degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the concept it is intended to measure.

A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment, used for comparison.

A research method that combines data from multiple studies to develop a single conclusion.

An experiment where subjects are randomly assigned to treatment or control groups.

A study where only the subjects are unaware of their group assignment.

A study where both subjects and researchers are unaware of group assignments.

Studies with control and treatment groups that are not randomly assigned.

An observational study following a group with a certain condition over time.

An observational study analyzing data from a specific point in time.

A study examining a small group of patients with similar conditions.

A detailed report on a single unique patient.

Insights provided by specialists before scientific research is available.

Methods used to minimize bias in studies (e.g., blinding).

Statistical characteristics of a population used in research.

The accuracy of a study in measuring what it intends to.

Research involving live animals to study biological systems and drug effects.

Basic scientific research performed in a laboratory using controlled conditions.

The extent to which research results can be generalized to other situations or populations.

The degree to which a study accurately measures the relationship between variables without external interference.

The ability to apply findings from a study to broader contexts beyond the original study group.

A major Canadian research study evaluating prehospital interventions in emergency medical services.

The significant role of bystander-administered CPR in improving cardiac arrest survival rates.

A set of life-saving protocols and skills that extend beyond basic life support in emergencies.

The rates of death and disease occurrence in patients receiving trauma care.

Guidelines established post-WWII to protect human subjects in research following unethical experiments.

Standards and guidelines ensuring the protection of study participants' rights and wellbeing.

Refers to how well a study's design and findings support its conclusions and interpretations.

Part of the OPALS study that focused on the effectiveness of ALS on trauma patients.

Methods and procedures in research that have evolved due to ethical considerations over time.

Utilizing objective scientific studies to inform and improve EMS practices and protocols.

A defined time span, usually three to six months, during which multiple full moon occurrences are reviewed in research.

A proposed explanation based on limited evidence, serving as a starting point for further investigation.

A mathematical method of analyzing collected data to draw conclusions about the hypothesis.

A cyclical procedure where steps are repeated based on new information to refine experiments.

Intense mental health crises requiring immediate intervention, often believed to spike during full moons.

The common belief that more heart attacks occur during full moons, which lacks scientific evidence.

The unfounded belief that childbirth rates increase during full moon phases, unsupported by studies.

The number of patients or cases seen in hospitals, disputed to be affected by full moon phases.

An approach combining both quantitative and qualitative methods, utilizing numbers and narratives together.

The process of sharing research findings in academic journals, regardless of hypothesis outcomes.

The widespread belief that full moons trigger unusual behavior or crises, often unsupported by scientific evidence.

A study where African-American men with syphilis were untreated to observe disease progression.

An international document outlining ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.

A report outlining ethical principles for research protection; published in 1979.

The process of ensuring research participants understand what participation involves.

A committee that reviews and monitors research to ensure ethical standards are met.

Statistics that summarize data characteristics, like mean and median.

Statistics that draw conclusions about a population based on sample data.

The average value calculated by dividing the sum of values by their count.

The middle value in a data set, used when data is skewed.

A measure of how much values in a data set differ from the mean.

Statistics that identify the center of a data set, including mean and median.

How spread out the data values are in a sample.

A probability distribution shaped like a bell curve, indicating most data are near the average.

The asymmetry in the distribution of data values, indicating uneven distribution.

The difference between a sample statistic and the actual population parameter.

A range of values derived from a sample that likely contains the population parameter.

A result that is unlikely to have occurred by chance, indicating a true effect.

Data that isn't numeric but often categorical, such as gender or stages of cancer.

Numeric data used for statistical analysis, like height or temperature.

A measure of association between a risk factor and an outcome in case-control studies.

Categorical data without a specific order, like gender.

Categorical data with a defined order, like stage I, II, III cancers.

A statistical test to compare the means of two groups.

Analysis of Variance, a method for comparing three or more groups.

A statistical test for independence between categorical variables.

Systematic error that skews results in a certain direction.

A retrospective study comparing individuals with a condition to those without.

A statistical term indicating the likelihood that the true parameter lies within a confidence interval.

Recognizes the importance of proper statistical analysis in healthcare research.

The square root of variance, indicating how much individual data points deviate from the mean.

The most frequently occurring value in a dataset.

Using sample data to estimate characteristics (parameters) of the broader population.

The extent to which data points in a set differ from each other, not the same as variance.

Analyzing performance differences by looking at metrics like variance and standard deviation.

To compute variance, find the differences from the mean, square them, and average those squares.

Using data from two EMT classes to demonstrate variance and standard deviation differences despite having the same mean score.

A graph that shows the number of occurrences of each value in a dataset, revealing the mode visually.

Evaluating how widely data points are distributed; crucial for understanding datasets beyond just means.

Numerical data that can take any value (e.g., height, temperature).

Data that is not symmetrically distributed, often with outliers affecting the mean.

The square root of the variance, showing how data points deviate from the mean.

A measure indicating the value below which a percentage of observations fall.

A summary of how often different values occur in a dataset.

How spread out the values in a dataset are.

A characteristic or measure of a population, like mean or variance.

Extremely high or low values that can distort statistical measures.

Measures that describe the center of a dataset, such as mean, median, and mode.

Retrospective testing for significant results after data collection.

Reflects the likelihood that results occur by chance if the hypothesis is true.

Association does not imply one thing causes another. It's a correlation of data points.

External factors that can affect the outcome of a study or experiment.

Findings unlikely to have occurred by chance, often set by a P value threshold.

A process where other experts evaluate study quality before publication.

The ability for other researchers to obtain the same results if they repeat the study.

Necessary consent from an Institutional Review Board (IRB) for conducting studies involving human subjects.

Findings should be reasonable and stem directly from data analysis.

The probability that a population parameter lies within the confidence interval.

The number of observations or replicates included in a sample.

Using sample data to estimate population parameters.

The hypothesis that there is no effect or no association between variables.

A brief summary at the beginning of a research paper describing the study's purpose, methods, and results.

Part of a research paper where the authors detail how the study was conducted.

Where researchers present data collected from studies but do not interpret it.

Part of a paper where findings are interpreted and the significance is discussed.

The number of subjects included in a study, affecting its validity and generalizability.

Acknowledgments of potential weaknesses in a research study that may affect the results.

Recommendations for additional studies to explore unanswered questions identified in the study.

The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false.

The threshold used to determine if results are statistically significant, commonly set at 0.05.

An abstract is a summary, while the full paper details the methods, results, and discussion.

A concise summary of a research paper used for presentations and citations.