chapter 15 patho updated
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence of emphysema on the air spaces beyond the terminal bronchioles?

  • Reduction in size
  • Scarring and inflammation
  • Irreversible enlargement (correct)
  • Complete collapse

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of emphysema?

  • Narrowing of the airways
  • Relaxation of the diaphragm
  • Destruction of the alveolar walls (correct)
  • Strengthening of the alveolar walls

    • What is the most common cause of emphysema?

  • Chronic asthma
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Chronic pneumonia
  • Chronic smoking (correct)

    • What is the effect of emphysema on airflow?

    <p>Obstruction of airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of emphysema?

    <p>Chronic and irreversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chronic inflammation and edema of airways in the patient?

    <p>Bronchial wall thickening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The patient presents with these symptoms Chronic inflammation and edema of airways Hyperplasia of bronchial mucous glands and smooth muscles Destruction of cilia Squamous cell metaplasia Bronchial wall thickening, fibrosis development which condition is the patient at risk for due to their occupation as a coal miner or works in a hazardous occupation?

    <p>Chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of hyperplasia of bronchial mucous glands in the patient?

    <p>Increased production of mucous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of bronchial wall thickening and fibrosis development in the patient?

    <p>Worsening of airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic criterion for chronic bronchitis?

    <p>A persistent and productive cough lasting greater than or equal to 2 months over the course of 2 or more years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long must a patient experience a persistent and productive cough to be diagnosed with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Greater than or equal to 2 months over the course of 2 or more years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom used to diagnose chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Productive cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a cough in chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Productive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common distinguishing feature of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Cyanosis and adventitious lung sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is often associated with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Adventitious lung sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of chronic bronchitis that can be heard with a stethoscope?

    <p>Adventitious lung sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a manifestation of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a physical examination finding in chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Cyanosis and adventitious lung sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of asthma?

    <p>Bronchial hyper responsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asthma is caused by which of the following?

    <p>Intermittent or persistent airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asthma is caused by Intermittent or persistent airway obstruction due to:

    Bronchial hyper responsiveness Chronic inflammation Broncho constriction Excess mucous production

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asthma clinical manifestations include WHEEZING , CHEST TIGHTNESS... dyspnea and coughing , excessive sputum production and anxiety

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In asthma, the IgE mediated hypersensitivity reaction is delayed after exposure to the trigger.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the chemical mediators released from mast cells in asthma?

    <p>Increased bronchoconstriction and edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction in asthma?

    <p>Immediate response to the trigger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the gene that is defective in Cystic Fibrosis?

    <p>CFTR gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On which chromosome is the CFTR gene located?

    <p>Chromosome 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CFTR stand for?

    <p>Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of inheritance of Cystic Fibrosis?

    <p>Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary defect in Cystic Fibrosis?

    <p>Impairment in the production of normal bodily secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cystic fibrosis, which is an autosomal recessive issues on chromosome 7 with the CFTR gene. It basically is a disorder of electrolyte and water transport concerning sodium and chloride throughout the body. because these cells are everywhere. however, the main cause of death is when it occurs in the lungs due to respiratory failure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical manifestations in Cystic fibrosis in the respiratory area, the patient is at risk for infection, purulent sputum, hemoptysis (the coughing up of blood) and in the gastrointestinal are large greasy stools, abdominal pain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for stunted growth in women with Cystic Fibrosis?

    <p>Electrolyte imbalance affecting puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people with Cystic Fibrosis often have salty skin?

    <p>Electrolyte imbalance affecting sodium and chloride levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of reproductive issues in men with Cystic Fibrosis?

    <p>Absence of vas deferens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Cystic Fibrosis on the liver?

    <p>Thickened mucous leading to cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for fatty stools in people with Cystic Fibrosis?

    <p>Poor absorption of fat-soluble vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate mortality rate of ARDS if left untreated?

    <p>30%-40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the timeframe for the progression of ARDS?

    <p>24-48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of mortality in patients with ARDS?

    <p>Multisystem organ failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of ARDS that distinguishes it from other conditions?

    <p>Acute inflammation and pulmonary edema without fluid overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying condition in ARDS that leads to pulmonary edema?

    <p>Acute inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the early signs of acute respiratory distress syndrome?

    <p>Agitation and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathophysiological mechanism responsible for dyspnea in acute respiratory failure?

    <p>Accumulation of fluid in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pulmonary defense mechanisms in acute respiratory failure?

    <p>Reduce the permeability of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    . What is the treatment of choice for acute respiratory failure?

    <p>Oxygen therapy and bronchodilator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for acute respiratory failure if left untreated?

    <p>High mortality within 48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MATCH THE ARDS PHASES.

    <p>PHASE 1 AND 2 = injury reduces blood flow to the lungs. Platelets aggregate and release histamine (H), Serotonin (S) and Bradykinin (B) THEN NEXT PHASE those substances, especially histamine, inflame and damage the alveolar-capillary membrane, increasing capillary permeability. Fluids then shift into the interstital space. PHASE 3 AND 4 = As capillary permeability increases, proteins and fluids leak out, increasing interstital osmotic pressure and causing pulmonary edema. THEN THE NEXT PHASE. is decreased blood flow and fluids in the alveoli damage surfactant and impair the cell's ability to produce more. As a result, the alveoli collapse, impeding gas exchange and decreasing lung compliance. PHASE 5 = Sufficient Oxygen can't cross the alveolar capillary junction, but carbon dioxide (CO2 ) can and is lost with every exhalation. Oxygen (CO2) and CO2 levels start to decrease in the blood. PHASE 6 = Pulmonary edema worsens, inflammation leads to fibrosis, and gas exchange is further impeded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common setting where atelectasis is a significant problem?

    <p>Perioperative setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred method for imaging the lung in diagnosing atelectasis?

    <p>Computed tomography (CT) scans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in patients with atelectasis?

    <p>To reduce the extent of atelectasis in the dependent regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoxemia is decreased oxygen in the blood and leads to decreased Pa02

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoxia is oxygen deprivation in the cells

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypercapnia is increased carbon dioxide in the blood

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoptysis is coughing up blood

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    orthopnea is shortness of breath while laying down . positional.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

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