Empathy in Healthcare Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of empathy in the patient-doctor relationship?

  • To reassure the patient that their needs are prioritized (correct)
  • To ensure the patient follows medical advice blindly
  • To exercise the physician's authority over the patient
  • To establish a hierarchical structure in the relationship

    • Which stage of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle asks about what could have been improved?

  • Analysis
  • Evaluation (correct)
  • Plan
  • Conclusion

    • Which of the following best describes the balance a healthcare provider must achieve?

  • Authoritative yet dismissive
  • Casual yet indifferent
  • Empathetic yet aloof
  • Authoritative yet empathetic (correct)

    • What type of questions does each stage of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle include?

    <p>Helpful questions to prompt reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about empathy in healthcare?

    <p>It is a sign of weakness in a healthcare provider</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary intention of reflective practice in professional settings?

    <p>To gain insight and improve practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should reflection on experiences be characterized?

    <p>Emphasizing feedback and increased understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of engaging in reflective practice?

    <p>Increased public trust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of medical professionalism?

    <p>Values, behaviours, and attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is included in reflective practice?

    <p>Formal reviews through audits and outcome data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does reflection play in a doctor's everyday practice?

    <p>It reinforces or changes behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about honest discussions regarding clinical events is true?

    <p>They promote learning and self-development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of reflective practice according to its definition?

    <p>Developing insights to improve standards of care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Reflective Practice?

    <p>To gain insights and rethink practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory is associated with Reflective Practice?

    <p>Gibb’s Reflective Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does reflection contribute to Continuous Professional Development?

    <p>By facilitating learning from experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is a significant consequence of medical errors in the USA?

    <p>They cause more deaths than workplace injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the conclusion stage of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle emphasize?

    <p>Summarizing learning and positive changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of behavior is highlighted as influential during an interaction with a patient?

    <p>Body language and speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the statement 'To Err is Human' suggest about health care professionals?

    <p>They are often working in flawed systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key quality should be developed when interacting with patients according to the reflection?

    <p>Empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Hippocrates imply about the role of a physician?

    <p>They need to prepare patients for cooperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should reflective practitioners demonstrate through their learning?

    <p>They can think critically and reflectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle, what does the action plan involve?

    <p>Determining future improvements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the initial step if faced with a similar situation again according to the action plan?

    <p>Identify what to do differently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key insight from the quote by Epictetus regarding reflection?

    <p>Reflection is a demonstration of learned thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one recommended approach to remain effective during patient interactions?

    <p>Maintain a calm and professional demeanor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a helpful prompt to consider for future improvement in interactions with patients?

    <p>What skills do I need to develop?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact can a practitioner's behavior have on patients during assessments?

    <p>A direct influence on patient behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the intern's main responsibility during their first month?

    <p>Covering additional on-call shifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant factor that negatively impacted the intern's performance in the theatre?

    <p>Exhaustion from excessive shifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of training was the intern receiving while in the theatre?

    <p>Wound closure techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Clinical Director play in the intern's situation?

    <p>Requesting the intern to cover the night shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feeling was likely evoked in the intern during this experience?

    <p>Frustration due to lack of sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was likely a consequence of the intern's poor performance during the wound closure procedure?

    <p>Increased workload due to complaints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the situation could have been considered 'good' by the intern?

    <p>The opportunity for extra learning experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflective questioning might help the intern analyze the experience?

    <p>What could I have done differently?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the action plan in Gibbs' Reflective Cycle?

    <p>Identifying future proactive steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of dementia patient behavior is highlighted in the context?

    <p>Behavior varies significantly between different patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key outcome does the individual expect from increased exposure to situations?

    <p>Improved confidence in handling unexpected situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is mentioned as crucial for understanding patient behavior in the content?

    <p>Communicating with colleagues and peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge does the individual face when dealing with dementia patients?

    <p>Inconsistent behavior outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major approach used in Gibbs' Reflective Cycle?

    <p>Analyzing past experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'become more proactive' suggest about future actions?

    <p>Engaging in planning and preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the individual view their progress towards handling unexpected situations?

    <p>As a long-term goal requiring consistent effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of shifts was the intern asked to cover during their first month?

    <p>General surgery shifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the intern's poor performance in the theatre?

    <p>Exhaustion from excessive shifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of reflection for healthcare practitioners?

    <p>It enhances self-awareness and planning for professional development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does reflection support employability according to the content?

    <p>By helping individuals identify and develop necessary skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflective question helps determine the intern's feelings about the experience?

    <p>What feelings did the situation evoke in me?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a learning health system?

    <p>Integrating knowledge generation processes into daily practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following could have been a positive aspect of the intern's experience?

    <p>Gaining exposure to real-life scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about lifelong learning in the context of reflection is correct?

    <p>It emphasizes the importance of continuous education and skill enhancement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should practitioners reflect upon to improve their resilience?

    <p>Their approaches to handling challenges and adversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a consequence for others due to the intern's poor performance?

    <p>Delayed treatment for patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does effective reflection influence an individual's understanding of good practice?

    <p>By allowing them to identify suboptimal practices and aspire toward excellence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflective stage encourages examining the consequences of the experience for oneself?

    <p>So what?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What core idea does the learning health system concept rely on?

    <p>The integration of practice-based evidence and continuous knowledge generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the intern's role involved emotional challenges?

    <p>Balancing work shifts and personal life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is self-awareness considered vital for healthcare practitioners?

    <p>It supports better planning for personal and professional development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reflection prompt that can help analyze one’s attitude towards a situation?

    <p>What alternate outcomes could have occurred?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT implied by reflecting on one's clinical performance?

    <p>Blaming external factors for failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Now What?' signify in the reflective cycle?

    <p>Planning future actions based on reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflection question aims to analyze learned lessons from a situation?

    <p>What implications does this have for my future practice?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'So What?' prompt participants to evaluate?

    <p>The relevance of the experience in a broader context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question is least effective for analyzing the underlying reasons behind behavior in a situation?

    <p>What did my supervisor think about the situation?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor should not be allowed to impede training and clinical performance, according to the reflective practice approach?

    <p>Workforce planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In reflective practice, what aspect related to improving outcomes can be learned from past experiences?

    <p>Developing analytical skills for performance evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in Greenaway's 4F’s model of active reviewing?

    <p>Facts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the 4F's model focuses on emotional reactions to a situation?

    <p>Feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Future' component of the 4F's model emphasize?

    <p>Planning how to apply learning in future situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model is more widely used within teaching professions according to the provided content?

    <p>Greenaway's 4F's Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Schwartz Rounds' refer to in the context of reflective practice?

    <p>A method for reflecting on practice and its emotional impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expressed in the 'Findings' step of the 4F's model?

    <p>Objective facts gathered about the experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym 'DO-REVIEW-PLAN' represent in reflective practice?

    <p>A three-step cycle used before Greenaway’s model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following prompts is NOT a component of any reflective model discussed?

    <p>Analyzing external feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary intention of reflective practice in a medical context?

    <p>To gain insight and improve professional practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should reflection on experiences be characterized according to the guidelines?

    <p>Emphasizing feedback and understanding gained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of engaging in reflective practice?

    <p>Avoiding clinical mistakes in the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of medical professionalism according to the material?

    <p>Promoting professional relationships and patient safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant component of reflective practice as stated in the content?

    <p>Engaging in formal reviews through audits and outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of situations can trigger reflection in a medical professional's practice?

    <p>A mix of positive and negative clinical events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best characterizes the outcome of engaging in reflective practice?

    <p>It leads to increased understanding and potential practice changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should healthcare professionals avoid when reflecting on clinical events?

    <p>Attributing blame to others involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is crucial for understanding the behavior of dementia patients according to the action plan?

    <p>Evaluating past experiences of colleagues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the action plan, what is expected to increase the individual's confidence in dealing with dementia patients?

    <p>Learning from more experienced peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'becoming more proactive' imply about the individual's future approach?

    <p>Taking initiative to seek guidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two contrasting behaviors observed in dementia patients as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Aggressive and subdued</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question should be considered in the reflection process according to the content?

    <p>What was the desired outcome of the situation?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant realization the individual has about their future handling of unexpected situations?

    <p>Experience will diminish uncertainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle emphasizes what can be improved in future practices?

    <p>Action plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the individual's attitude towards their learning from experiences with dementia patients?

    <p>They feel constant exposure will improve their skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) in health care?

    <p>To achieve ongoing proactive improvements in care processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does reflective practice emphasize as a mechanism for learning?

    <p>Applying conscious thought to experiences for personal understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of personal values in communication within health care?

    <p>They can enhance communication with patients and colleagues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the concept of reflective practice as metacognition?

    <p>Examining and evaluating one's own thinking and problem-solving skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines reflective thought according to John Dewey?

    <p>An active and thorough evaluation of beliefs in light of supporting grounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should concerns about patient care be communicated within an organization?

    <p>To an appropriate person within the organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the theories mentioned, what is the impact of deep learning compared to surface learning?

    <p>Deep learning allows for better retention and comprehension of material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts is central to achieving effective reflective practice?

    <p>Continuous development shaped by experience and critical thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is reflection characterized in the context provided?

    <p>As a cognitive process that enhances understanding through insights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental goal of reflection on experience?

    <p>To build a deeper understanding of personal and theoretical knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between reflection and mere diary writing?

    <p>Diary writing lacks the active engagement found in reflective thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is essential for continuous improvement in patient care?

    <p>Using feedback from all levels of personnel for ongoing improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Piaget's Constructivist Learning Theory suggest about the role of reflection?

    <p>Reflection can significantly enhance engagement and comprehension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-reflective practice emphasize about cognitive abilities?

    <p>It involves evaluating one’s cognitive processes and learning strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the transformation from surface learning to deep learning facilitated?

    <p>Through critical engagement with the content and personal experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive outcome is expected from engaging in reflective practice?

    <p>Enhanced ability to cope with similar situations based on past reflections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is essential for the success of Learning Health Systems (LHS)?

    <p>Collaboration of communities involving patients, professionals, and researchers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PDSA Cycle primarily aim to achieve?

    <p>Improving quality of a product, process, or service through systematic learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key recommendation emerged from the Williams Review regarding healthcare errors?

    <p>Promotion of a more just and learning culture in healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the PDSA Cycle was originally introduced by Walter Shewhart?

    <p>Plan-Do-Check-Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the GMC respond to concerns about reflective practice being used against doctors?

    <p>By assuring that reflective records will not be requested in fitness to practice evaluations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Learning Health Systems, what is a primary use of large electronic health data sets?

    <p>To enable quality improvement and research in routine healthcare settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant concern raised in the Williams Review about healthcare negligence?

    <p>Potential legal consequences of simple errors amidst systemic failings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is NOT part of the Learning Health Systems framework?

    <p>Administrative efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes reflection-in-action from reflection-on-action in Schon’s model?

    <p>Reflection-in-action is about acting while reflecting during an event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Driscoll’s reflective practice model, what does 'Now What?' primarily address?

    <p>Potential changes to be implemented based on previous reflections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Schon suggest practitioners should engage with reflective practice during professional activities?

    <p>By reflecting continuously as they perform their tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of using new information in reflection-on-action?

    <p>To integrate theoretical knowledge into future practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do feelings play in Schon’s reflective process?

    <p>They serve as indicators of the effectiveness of actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of Schon’s reflective practice methodology?

    <p>Immediate execution without reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ‘thinking about what you might do differently’ in Schon’s reflective framework?

    <p>It discourages practitioners from repeating past mistakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the concept of 'Knowing in action' characterized in Schon’s theory?

    <p>It describes an instinctive understanding applied during action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of Schwartz rounds in healthcare settings?

    <p>To enhance compassion and understanding among staff.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of building a reflective practice mindset?

    <p>Immediate solutions to conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ERA model in reflective practice stand for?

    <p>Experience, Reflection, Action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Schwartz rounds, which aspect is primarily avoided in discussions?

    <p>Clinical problem-solving techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefit can attending Schwartz rounds provide to healthcare staff?

    <p>Enhanced insight and appreciation for team members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of reflective practice over time?

    <p>Recognition of personal patterns in behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best encapsulates the essence of the Schwartz rounds according to the provided content?

    <p>Encouraging emotional expression and understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The RESPECT Rubric is primarily used for what purpose in reflective assignments?

    <p>Guiding the assessment of reflective writing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the conclusion stage of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle aim to summarize?

    <p>The overall learning and positive changes experienced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of reflective practice, which action can enhance a healthcare provider's performance during patient interactions?

    <p>Being more empathetic and courageous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of the action plan stage in Gibbs' Reflective Cycle?

    <p>Formulating strategies for future improvements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best captures a common dilemma healthcare providers face when interacting with patients?

    <p>Balancing empathy while remaining professional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential takeaway from reflecting on body language during patient assessments?

    <p>Practitioners’ body language can significantly influence patient response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of questions are encouraged to facilitate deeper reflection during the action plan stage?

    <p>Questions that foster proactive changes for the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feeling is highlighted as crucial for healthcare providers to manage during assessments?

    <p>Empathy towards patient conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a healthcare provider prepare to act differently in future patient interactions according to the action plan?

    <p>By developing required skills and confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stages represents the process of actively testing what has been learned from an experience in Kolb's Learning Cycle?

    <p>Active Experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of engaging in reflective practice for healthcare practitioners?

    <p>Improving adaptability to various clinical situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Kolb's Learning Cycle involves gaining insights or understanding from past experiences?

    <p>Abstract Conceptualisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle, which element emphasizes considering what you learned and how it could be applied in the future?

    <p>Action Plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element in Kolb's Learning Cycle emphasizes reflecting on what has been experienced and observed?

    <p>Reflective Observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prompt would be most beneficial for someone in the Active Experimentation stage of Kolb's Learning Cycle?

    <p>How can I apply what I've learned in future situations?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the learning process is emphasized by the Concrete Experience stage in Kolb's Learning Cycle?

    <p>Participating in hands-on experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of reflection in continuous professional development for healthcare professionals?

    <p>It encourages ongoing learning and adaptation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key element in Kolb's conception of experiential learning?

    <p>Incorporating experiences into a personal knowledge base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Mezirow's Transformational Learning Theory, what does reflection primarily help to clarify?

    <p>Both the content of a problem and the problem-solving process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential practice allows healthcare professionals to learn and improve from their experiences?

    <p>Reflective Practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept focuses primarily on the relationship between experience and conscious critical thought in learning?

    <p>Reflection as Metacognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of learning does Moon identify as one of the six areas where reflection is beneficial?

    <p>Building personal theories from practical experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of healthcare, what should a practitioner do if they identify a system impairing patient care?

    <p>Raise concerns with appropriate personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does metacognition refer to in the context of reflection?

    <p>A conscious awareness of one's own thought processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key outcome of Continuous Quality Improvement in healthcare settings?

    <p>Structured organizational processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of reflection, which of the following does not describe its function?

    <p>To determine effective memorization techniques for information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the contribution of reflection according to Schön?

    <p>Reflection enables the application of updated professional theories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the process of using past experiences to shape new understandings and theories?

    <p>Experiential Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a misconception about the role of reflection in learning?

    <p>Reflection has minimal impact on personal growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of personal values is essential in a healthcare setting according to the information provided?

    <p>Impacting communication with patients and colleagues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Loughran's perspective contribute to understanding the problem-solving process?

    <p>It illustrates reflection as part of unraveling complex situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is knowledge characterized in relation to reflective practice?

    <p>It is continually developed and refined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of approach should healthcare professionals adopt for continuous improvement?

    <p>Structured and proactive improvement processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Findings' stage in Greenaway's 4F's Model emphasize?

    <p>The concrete learning derived from an experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of reflective practice, what does the term 'Future' refer to in the 4F's Model?

    <p>Planning concrete steps for implementation of learned lessons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stages does Greenaway's initial model 'DO-REVIEW-PLAN' correspond to in reflective practice?

    <p>Facts, Feelings, Future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the 4F's Model primarily focuses on participants' emotional responses to situations?

    <p>Feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Schwartz Rounds in the context of reflective practice?

    <p>To reflect on the emotional impact of practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do prompts play within the reflective stages according to the described models?

    <p>They serve as optional guidance for deeper reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the application of Greenaway’s 4F's model primarily characterized in professional settings?

    <p>More effective in teaching positions than in healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Facts' stage in the 4F's Model entail?

    <p>An objective account of what occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stages of Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle focuses on developing an understanding of feelings during an experience?

    <p>Feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential to include in reflective writing according to the guidelines provided?

    <p>Specific subject-specific terminology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In reflective writing, why is it recommended to use the past tense almost exclusively?

    <p>To indicate completed experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of reflective practice emphasizes the importance of planning future actions based on past experiences?

    <p>Planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes habitual action as opposed to critical reflection?

    <p>An automatic response without deeper thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is least likely to be included in an effective reflective writing structure?

    <p>Personal anecdotes unrelated to the topic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'critical reflection' entail in the context of medical education?

    <p>An in-depth assessment of experiences and their implications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does analysis play in Gibbs' Reflective Cycle?

    <p>To interpret the significance of experiences and frameworks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important factor to consider when dealing with the behavior of dementia patients?

    <p>The behavior of dementia patients can vary significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can exposure to more situations affect confidence in handling unexpected behavior from dementia patients?

    <p>It may lead to increased confidence over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should individuals focus on to improve their understanding of dementia patient behavior?

    <p>Discussing past experiences with colleagues and peers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does the individual plan to prioritize in the future to address challenges faced in similar situations?

    <p>Being more proactive in communication with peers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question type is suitable for the analysis stage of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle?

    <p>What is the context of this experience?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle, what does 'So What?' primarily encourage the individual to think about?

    <p>The lessons learned and their relevance to future experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mindset should be adopted in dealing with unexpected behavior from dementia patients?

    <p>An acceptance that behavior can differ and a readiness to adapt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does peer advice play in developing confidence when interacting with dementia patients?

    <p>It helps build knowledge and confidence over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Objectives

    • Define Reflective Practice
    • Describe Reflective Practice Theory and Gibb's Reflective Cycle
    • Understand the role of Reflection in Continuous Professional Development
    • Discuss the application of Reflection to learning from Clinical Scenarios

    Reflective Practice

    • A cognitive process that helps gain insights, rethink practice, learn from experiences, and cope with similar situations in the future.
    • Rolfe, G., Freshwater, D., and Jasper, M. (2001).

    "Don't just say you have read books..."

    • Show that through them you have learned to think better, to be a more discriminating and reflective person.
    • Epictetus

    Ars Longa, Vita Brevis

    • Life is short, and art is long...
    • the crisis fleeting; experience perilous, and decision difficult.
    • The physician must not only be prepared to do what is right himself, but also make the patients, the attendants, and externals cooperate.
    • Hippocrates of Kos

    To Err is Human

    • In USA 98,000 people die in any given year from medical errors that occur in hospitals.
    • That's more than die from MVA, breast cancer, or AIDS.
    • Indeed, more people die annually from medication errors than from workplace injuries.
    • To err is human, to cover up is unforgivable, and to fail to learn is inexcusable.
    • Sir Liam Donaldson (2004)

    Reflective Practice: IMC

    • Developing insight into professional practice is important to improve standards of care.
    • Reflective practice includes:
      • Formal Reviews through audit and outcome data.
      • Informal Reflection on how personal values may affect communication with patients, colleagues or others, and ultimately the care provided to patients.

    Learning Culture & Safety: IMC

    • Medical treatment involves some degree of risk.
    • We should strive to minimise risk and learn from harm.
    • "You should promote a culture of patient safety"
    • Adverse events result in unintended outcomes for patients as a result of clinical interventions or omissions, or the systems or processes used in managing patient care.
    • "If you are involved in an adverse event, you should report it, learn from it and take part in any review of the incident".

    Reflective Practice: AoMRC

    • The process whereby an individual thinks analytically about anything relating to their professional practice with the intention of gaining insight and using the lessons learned to maintain good practice or make improvements where possible
    • Situation may be observed, or directly involved, or part of formal learning.
    • Reflection happens with both positive and negative events, either to reinforce behaviour or to change it.

    Reflective Practice: GMC, AoMRC & COPMED

    • Doctors must feel able to have honest and open discussions about clinical events and should be confident that engaging in reflection provides them:
      • Improved opportunities to learn
      • Evidence of a professional approach to self-development
      • Changes leading to improvement of patient care where appropriate
    • Reflection should not be a detailed description, nor an attribution of blame, but should focus on feedback and descriptions of the increased understanding gained which has led to an affirmation of, or change of, practice.

    Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Definition

    • Medical Professionalism: "Values, behaviours and attitudes that promote professional relationships, public trust and patient safety"

    Continuous Improvement

    • Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) in Health Care is a structured organizational process that involves physicians and other personnel in planning and implementing ongoing proactive improvements in processes of care to provide quality health care outcomes.

    Reflective Practice Theory

    • This is a theoretical concept within the broader topic of reflection.

    What is Reflection

    • Reflection allows the reflector's learning and knowledge to benefit from conscious thought.
    • Two main conceptions:
      • Reflection on Experience - using experiences as a foundation for learning and updating personal understanding of existing theories
      • Reflection as Metacognition - particularly focusing on a problem, conception, or an idea.
    • Knowledge is a continual development and is shaped by its relationship with experience or conscious critical thought.

    What is not Reflection

    • Writing a diary
    • Gazing at the clouds

    Reflective Thought (Dewey)

    • He defines reflective thought as an active, persistent and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and further conclusion to which it tends.
    • Thinking about a problematic situation that needs to be resolved
    • the function of reflective thought is, therefore, to transform a situation in which there is experienced obscurity, doubt, conflict, disturbance of some sort, into a situation that is clear, coherent, settled, harmonious
    • converts action that is merely appetitive, blind and impulsive into intelligent action.

    Reflection: Active Learning and Consolidation

    • Piaget (1971) Constructivist Learning Theory Reflection
      • forces students to engage with content matter and contextualise it with their own experience.
    • Marton & Saljo (1976) “Deep Learning”
      • Students who engage more deeply with material will learn and retain principle ideas better.

    Reflection: Definition

    • Cognition, can be defined as "the mental acquisition of knowledge through thought, experience, and the senses".
    • Reflection, is a cognitive process that helps us to gain insights into the "big picture" and rethink our practice, learn from their experiences and help us to cope with similar situations in the future.
    • Self-Reflective Practice is a "meta-cognitive" ability, meaning that it involves thinking about and reflecting on one's own mental processes.

    Reflection: on Experience

    • In adult education the benefit of learning from experience, rather than passively through knowledge transfer, is established.
    • Donald Schön (1983) highlighting the importance of experience as a tool for updating professional theories and through reflection using them to improve practice.
    • Kolb (1984) formalised the modern conception of experiential learning:
      • Allowing the student to reflect on their experience is essential for the student to extract meaningful elements and incorporate them into a personal knowledgebase.

    Reflection: Metacognition

    • Metacognition: awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes
    • Jack Mezirow (1991) Transformational Learning Theory
      • suggests that reflection is useful to understand the content and premise of the problem as well as the problem-solving process itself.
    • This is obtained by stepping back and looking at one's thinking process - reflection therefore becomes "thinking about thinking" and how to do so effectively.
    • Loughran (1996) highlights problem solving by reflection and learning from experience

    Reflection: Critical Thought (Moon)

    • Moon (2004) highlights six different areas where reflection can be helpful:
      • Critically reviewing our own behaviour, the behaviour of others, or the product of our behaviour.
      • Building general theories from observing, or being involved in practical situations.
      • Making decisions or resolving uncertainty.
      • Considering the process of our own learning, in other words engaging in 'thinking about thinking' or metacognition.
      • Engaging in personal or self-development.
      • Empowering or emancipating ourselves as individuals or within our social group.

    Reflecting on Experience

    • Reflective Models can help with structure, guidance and questions.
    • Gibbs' “Reflective Cycle” (1988)
    • Driscoll's or Rolfe's Reflective Practice Model "What? So what? Now what?"
    • Kolb's learning Cycle (1984)
    • Schon's Reflective Practitioner (1991)
    • Bassot's “The Integrated Reflective Cycle"
    • Greenaway's “The Active Reviewing Cycle" of "four F's”

    Reflection and Professional Development

    • Reflection leads to higher self-awareness and make one more likely to effectively plan their professional and personal development.
    • Cunningham & Moore (2017) particularly highlight how being taught reflection allows healthcare practitioners to effectively recognise development opportunities.
      • Identifying suboptimal practice, the individual is well placed to think about what good practice looks like, and reflect on what excelling looks like.

    Employability

    • Employability “a set of achievements – skills, understandings and personal attributes - that makes graduates more likely to gain employment and be successful in their chosen occupations, which benefits themselves, the workforce, the community and the economy."
    • Reflect on what skills you have developed over the last week/month/year and how you will be able to evidence these skills with examples.
    • Reflect to identify the skills that are required in the sector you want to end up in and start developing these by setting goals and objectives
    • Reflect on how you deal with challenges and how you can improve your approach and resilience.
    • Reflect on the range of experiences you have and find ways to expand this range.
    • Ensure you don't neglect life-long learning.

    Learning Health System: Learning Cycle

    • Learning health systems (LHS) are healthcare systems in which knowledge generation processes are embedded in daily practice to produce continual improvement in care.
    • LHS can be described as having four key elements:
      • Organizational architecture that supports the formation of communities of patients, healthcare professionals and researchers who collaborate to produce and use "big data".
      • Large electronic health data sets, i.e. "big data".
      • Quality improvement at the point of care for each patient using new knowledge generated by research.
      • Research done in routine healthcare settings.

    Quality Improvement and PDSA Cycle

    • The Deming Wheel, or Deming Cycle, also know as PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act) Cycle was first introduced to Dr Deming by his mentor Walter Shewhart.
    • It has evolved to become The PDSA Cycle (Plan-Do-Study-Act), a systematic process for gaining valuable learning and knowledge for continual improvement of a product, process, or service.

    Reflections as Evidence: GMC

    • Williams Review of Gross Negligence Manslaughter in Healthcare (2018)
    • Professor Sir Norman Williams Review in the wake of the Dr Bawa Garba controversy considered wider concerns among healthcare professionals.
    • Errors could result in prosecution for gross negligence manslaughter, even if they happen in the context of broader organisation and system failings.
    • It's recommendations support a more just and learning culture in the healthcare system. It covers:
      • the process for investigating gross negligence manslaughter
      • reflective practice of healthcare professionals
      • the regulation of healthcare professionals

    Reflective Practice Models (Gibbs')

    • This is a sub-topic under reflecting on experience
    • Reflective Models and models involved in the topic of Reflection

    Kolb's Learning Cycle

    • Promotes “learner centred pedagogy” and acknowledges that people learn in different ways
    • It has been adapted to four Stages of Reflection:
      • Concrete Experience, actually having an experience
      • Reflective Observation, reflecting on the experience
      • Abstract Conceptualisation, learning from the experience
      • Active Experimentation, trying out what you have learnt
    • Each stage has helpful questions (prompts)

    Gibbs' Reflective Cycle

    • Graham Gibbs (1988) gives structure to learn from (repeated) experiences
    • It covers six stages:
      • Description of the experience
      • Feelings and thoughts about the experience
      • Evaluation of the experience, both good and bad
      • Analysis to make sense of the situation
      • Conclusion about what you learned and what you could have done differently
      • Action plan for how you would deal with similar situations in the future, or general changes you might find appropriate

    Schon's Reflective Practitioner

    • Effective professional practice and human thought
      • Knowing in action
      • Reflection-in-action
      • Reflection-on-action

    What? So what? Now what?

    • Driscoll (1994), proposed one of the simplest reflection frameworks.
      • Also known as Rolfe's Reflective Practice Model (2001).
    • It is based on three simple questions:
      • What? The experience of the situation
      • So what? The implications of the situation
      • Now what? The action plan

    The four F's of active reviewing

    • Facts: An objective account of what happened
    • Feelings: The emotional reactions to the situation
    • Findings: The concrete learning that you can take away from the situation
    • Future: Structuring your learning such that you can use it in the future

    Schwartz Rounds

    • The Point of Care Foundation describe Schwartz rounds as: A structured forum where all staff, clinical and non-clinical, come together regularly to discuss the emotional and social aspects of working in healthcare.
    • The purpose of Rounds is to encourage compassion in healthcare to understand the challenges and rewards that are intrinsic to providing care.

    Reflective Practice

    • Building a reflective practice mindset typically involves:
      • An ability and willingness to reflect and learn
      • Repeating reflection over a series of related experiences adds value
      • Reviewing and reflecting on an extended period to identify patterns
      • Setting and reflecting on goals and objectives

    Reflective Assignments

    • Wald (2012) The RESPECT Rubric for assessing reflective writing
    • Academic Reflections have a specific language and structure
    • General language points are:
      • Be succinct; stick to word-count
      • Use “I” and other personal nouns
      • Almost always use the past tense
      • Use subject-specific language and terminology (medical professionalism)
      • Description, Thoughts and Feelings, Analysis/Interpret/Evaluating, Concluding and Planning

    Reflection Examples (Gibbs' and Rolfe's)

    Gibbs' Reflective Cycle

    Helpful Questions: Gibbs' Reflective Cycle

    • What happened?
    • When and where did it happen?
    • Who was present?
    • What did you and the other people do?
    • What was the outcome of the situation?
    • Why were you there?
    • What did you want to happen?

    Evaluation: Gibbs' Reflective Cycle

    • Evaluation, evaluate what worked and what didn't work.
    • Helpful questions:
      • What was good and bad about the experience?
      • What went well?
      • What didn't go so well?
      • What did you and other people contribute to the situation (positively or negatively)?

    Analysis: Gibbs' Reflective Cycle

    • Analysis, chance to make sense of what happened (meaning).
    • Helpful questions:
      • Why did things go well?
      • Why didn't it go well?
      • What sense can I make of the situation?
      • What knowledge can I make of the situation?
      • What knowledge - my own or others (for example academic literature) can help me understand the situation?

    Conclusions: Gibbs' Reflective Cycle

    • Conclusions, summarise learning and highlight positive changes.
    • Helpful questions:
      • What did I learn from this situation?
      • How could this have been a more positive situation for everyone involved?
      • What skills do I need to develop for me to handle a situation like this better?
      • What else could I have done?

    Action Plan: Gibbs' Reflective Cycle

    • Action Plan, what you would do differently in similar situation in future.
    • Helpful questions:
      • If I had to do the same thing again, what would I do differently?
      • How will I develop the required skills I need?
      • How can I make sure that I can act differently next time?

    Conclusions

    • At the end of this talk you will:
      • Discuss his/her reflection on a clinical scenario encountered.
      • Describe how after reflection he/she would act differently the next time they encounter a similar clinical scenario.
      • Identify the benefits of reflection including continuous improvement
      • Describe what a Learning Health System is.
      • Discuss the benefits of a Learning Health System.

    Bibliography

    • A list of sources used in the presentation. (Includes links to websites and publications)

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