53 Questions
What do Idealists believe in?
Everything, including the material world, is actually mind
Which viewpoint emphasizes that everything that exists, including the mind, is physical?
Monism - Materialism
What is the key belief of Dualism according to the text?
The existence of both mental and physical substances
How do most cognitive scientists view the connection between mind and brain?
By believing that mind is physical
In Aristotle's analogy, what does he compare the brain to?
A lump of clay
According to Functionalism, how are mental states defined?
By their role and function in our mind
What is a key aspect of determining a mental state's identity according to the text?
Its relationship to sensory experiences, other mental states, and actions
What does Functionalism help us understand?
Things at a broad level, not necessarily tied to specific structures or materials
In the context of Functionalism, how does the text explain the relationship between mental states and materialism?
Functionalism is indifferent towards materialism
What fundamental concept does the Physical Symbol System (PSS) Hypothesis propose?
All intelligent behavior involves physical symbols and their manipulation
Which program by Newell and Simon exemplifies heuristic search according to the text?
General Problem Solver program
What is the main point of John Searle’s Chinese Room Argument in relation to the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis?
Understanding and intelligence go beyond mere symbol manipulation
What is the main problem with the Chinese room argument according to the text?
The Chinese room cannot understand Chinese because it is disembodied.
According to John Searle, what is consciousness?
A property of a physical brain.
Which theory suggests that consciousness arises from neural integration and complexity?
Integrated Information Theory (IIT)
Where do neuroscientists believe consciousness results from, according to the text?
Integrated activity of a population of neurons.
What is the main criticism against the idea that simply manipulating symbols can create meaning?
Meaning cannot arise solely from symbol manipulation.
Where are the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) located according to the text?
Frontal and parietal lobes.
What is the main difference between Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GWT) and Integrated Information Theory (IIT)?
GWT focuses on cognitive systems, while IIT emphasizes neural integration.
Repressed memories are linked to which condition mentioned in the text?
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by what main symptom discussed in the text?
Memory loss before age 12
According to the content provided, what is consciousness as defined in psychology?
Awareness of our environment and our perceptions, images, and feelings
What is a characteristic of a lucid dream?
Being aware that one is dreaming
What is the purpose of practicing reality testing in relation to lucid dreaming?
To prompt lucidity by questioning reality throughout the day
Which technique involves getting up for an hour in the middle of the night to induce lucid dreams?
Interrupting sleep and then returning to bed
What is the essence of using autosuggestion in relation to lucid dreaming?
Repeating to oneself that all things are like dreams throughout the day
How does strengthening intention and desire contribute to lucid dreaming?
By visualizing recognizing dreaming and carrying out intended actions
What is a dreamsign in the context of lucid dreaming?
Characteristics unique to each individual's dreams that signal dreaming
Which part of the brain is primarily associated with consciousness, depending on the type of consciousness in question?
Posterior hot zone
What is the 'easy problem' of consciousness according to the text?
Access consciousness
What concept does David Chalmers associate with the 'hard problem' of consciousness?
Qualia
What is one possible outcome of removing large sections of the frontal cortex?
Loss of emotional control
What is a key difference between access consciousness and phenomenal consciousness?
The brain regions involved in each
Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for generating sensations of life as we experience it?
Posterior hot zone
What happens when participants are asked to suppress recalling a matched word?
Prefrontal cortex activates to inhibit hippocampus processing
'Phenomenal consciousness' primarily pertains to which aspect of consciousness?
'Hard problem' of consciousness
'Access consciousness' is related to which type of information processing?
Nonconscious vs. conscious processing
What happens when the prefrontal cortex disengages processing in the hippocampus during word suppression?
Recall of the matched word is reduced
What does Frank Jackson's Knowledge Argument suggest about a colorblind scientist?
The scientist would lack first-person knowledge of what it is like to see color.
What is the main idea of integrated information theory (IIT)?
Consciousness arises from neural integration and complexity.
What did Guilio Tononi use the technique 'zap and zip' for in the early 2000s?
To probe whether someone is conscious or not.
What do research findings from 'zap and zip' suggest about the consciousness level in awake volunteers?
They had a higher perturbational complexity index compared to when deeply asleep.
According to Tononi, why would networks of transistors not be able to achieve consciousness, even if they can mimic human behavior?
They lack the necessary level of information integration for consciousness.
What is one criticism of integrated information theory (IIT) mentioned in the text?
'Zap and zip' methods offer only a crude proxy of brain's information integration.
What potential implication does successful proof of consciousness in a lobster have, according to Tononi?
It could transform the fight for animal rights.
Why were standard IQ tests considered problematic?
All of the above
What is one reason why IQ tests have been criticized for cultural bias?
They predominantly measure vocabulary.
Which domain of intelligence was NOT initially proposed by Howard Gardner in his theory of multiple intelligences?
Emotional
According to Freud's wish-fulfillment theory of dreams, what purpose do dreams serve?
To discharge unacceptable feelings and desires.
What is the primary hypothesis proposed by Hobson & McCarley regarding dreams?
Dreams are random firings of neurons with no purpose.
How does REM sleep impact cognitive development according to the cognitive development theory of dreams?
REM sleep aids in cognitive development by activating neural pathways.
What technique is recommended for enhancing dream recall?
'Scribble pad' for taking notes about the dream.
'Dream Analysis' suggests focusing on which aspect of dreams for interpretation?
'Emotional interpretation' rather than academic analysis.
Learn about the development of emotional intelligence as a concept and the problems associated with traditional IQ tests. Explore how cultural biases, fixed intelligence assumptions, and lack of effectiveness have prompted the need for emotional intelligence assessments.
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