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What do Idealists believe in?

The mind and body are two separate substances

Everything, including the material world, is actually mind (correct)

The mind is defined by its function in our mind

Everything, including the mind, is physical

Which viewpoint emphasizes that everything that exists, including the mind, is physical?

Monism - Materialism (correct)

Functionalism

Dualism

Monism - Idealism

What is the key belief of Dualism according to the text?

Mind and brain are the same thing

The existence of both mental and physical substances (correct)

Mental states are defined by their function

Everything is actually mind

How do most cognitive scientists view the connection between mind and brain?

By believing that mind is physical Signup and view all the answers

In Aristotle's analogy, what does he compare the brain to?

A lump of clay Signup and view all the answers

According to Functionalism, how are mental states defined?

By their role and function in our mind Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of determining a mental state's identity according to the text?

Its relationship to sensory experiences, other mental states, and actions Signup and view all the answers

What does Functionalism help us understand?

Things at a broad level, not necessarily tied to specific structures or materials Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Functionalism, how does the text explain the relationship between mental states and materialism?

Functionalism is indifferent towards materialism Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental concept does the Physical Symbol System (PSS) Hypothesis propose?

All intelligent behavior involves physical symbols and their manipulation Signup and view all the answers

Which program by Newell and Simon exemplifies heuristic search according to the text?

General Problem Solver program Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of John Searle’s Chinese Room Argument in relation to the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis?

Understanding and intelligence go beyond mere symbol manipulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main problem with the Chinese room argument according to the text?

The Chinese room cannot understand Chinese because it is disembodied. Signup and view all the answers

According to John Searle, what is consciousness?

A property of a physical brain. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that consciousness arises from neural integration and complexity?

Integrated Information Theory (IIT) Signup and view all the answers

Where do neuroscientists believe consciousness results from, according to the text?

Integrated activity of a population of neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criticism against the idea that simply manipulating symbols can create meaning?

Meaning cannot arise solely from symbol manipulation. Signup and view all the answers

Where are the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) located according to the text?

Frontal and parietal lobes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GWT) and Integrated Information Theory (IIT)?

GWT focuses on cognitive systems, while IIT emphasizes neural integration. Signup and view all the answers

Repressed memories are linked to which condition mentioned in the text?

Dissociative identity disorder Signup and view all the answers

Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by what main symptom discussed in the text?

Memory loss before age 12 Signup and view all the answers

According to the content provided, what is consciousness as defined in psychology?

Awareness of our environment and our perceptions, images, and feelings Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a lucid dream?

Being aware that one is dreaming Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of practicing reality testing in relation to lucid dreaming?

To prompt lucidity by questioning reality throughout the day Signup and view all the answers

Which technique involves getting up for an hour in the middle of the night to induce lucid dreams?

Interrupting sleep and then returning to bed Signup and view all the answers

What is the essence of using autosuggestion in relation to lucid dreaming?

Repeating to oneself that all things are like dreams throughout the day Signup and view all the answers

How does strengthening intention and desire contribute to lucid dreaming?

By visualizing recognizing dreaming and carrying out intended actions Signup and view all the answers

What is a dreamsign in the context of lucid dreaming?

Characteristics unique to each individual's dreams that signal dreaming Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily associated with consciousness, depending on the type of consciousness in question?

Posterior hot zone Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'easy problem' of consciousness according to the text?

Access consciousness Signup and view all the answers

What concept does David Chalmers associate with the 'hard problem' of consciousness?

Qualia Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible outcome of removing large sections of the frontal cortex?

Loss of emotional control Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between access consciousness and phenomenal consciousness?

The brain regions involved in each Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for generating sensations of life as we experience it?

Posterior hot zone Signup and view all the answers

What happens when participants are asked to suppress recalling a matched word?

Prefrontal cortex activates to inhibit hippocampus processing Signup and view all the answers

'Phenomenal consciousness' primarily pertains to which aspect of consciousness?

'Hard problem' of consciousness Signup and view all the answers

'Access consciousness' is related to which type of information processing?

Nonconscious vs. conscious processing Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the prefrontal cortex disengages processing in the hippocampus during word suppression?

Recall of the matched word is reduced Signup and view all the answers

What does Frank Jackson's Knowledge Argument suggest about a colorblind scientist?

The scientist would lack first-person knowledge of what it is like to see color. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of integrated information theory (IIT)?

Consciousness arises from neural integration and complexity. Signup and view all the answers

What did Guilio Tononi use the technique 'zap and zip' for in the early 2000s?

To probe whether someone is conscious or not. Signup and view all the answers

What do research findings from 'zap and zip' suggest about the consciousness level in awake volunteers?

They had a higher perturbational complexity index compared to when deeply asleep. Signup and view all the answers

According to Tononi, why would networks of transistors not be able to achieve consciousness, even if they can mimic human behavior?

They lack the necessary level of information integration for consciousness. Signup and view all the answers

What is one criticism of integrated information theory (IIT) mentioned in the text?

'Zap and zip' methods offer only a crude proxy of brain's information integration. Signup and view all the answers

What potential implication does successful proof of consciousness in a lobster have, according to Tononi?

It could transform the fight for animal rights. Signup and view all the answers

Why were standard IQ tests considered problematic?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why IQ tests have been criticized for cultural bias?

They predominantly measure vocabulary. Signup and view all the answers

Which domain of intelligence was NOT initially proposed by Howard Gardner in his theory of multiple intelligences?

Emotional Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's wish-fulfillment theory of dreams, what purpose do dreams serve?

To discharge unacceptable feelings and desires. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hypothesis proposed by Hobson & McCarley regarding dreams?

Dreams are random firings of neurons with no purpose. Signup and view all the answers

How does REM sleep impact cognitive development according to the cognitive development theory of dreams?

REM sleep aids in cognitive development by activating neural pathways. Signup and view all the answers

What technique is recommended for enhancing dream recall?

'Scribble pad' for taking notes about the dream. Signup and view all the answers

'Dream Analysis' suggests focusing on which aspect of dreams for interpretation?

'Emotional interpretation' rather than academic analysis. Signup and view all the answers