Emergency Patient Assessment Quiz

Normal Ranges for Vital Signs

• Adult: 12-20 breaths/min, 60-100 beats/min
• Child: 18-25 breaths/min, 80-100 beats/min
• Infant: 25-35 breaths/min, 100-120 beats/min

Head-to-Toe Examination

• Deformities
• Contusions
• Abrasions
• Punctures/penetrations
• Burns
• Tenderness
• Lacerations
• Swelling

Pupillary Reactions

• Constricted Pupils: Heat Stroke, Drug overdose
• Dilated Pupils: Shock, Bleeding
• Unequal Pupils: Head Injury, Stroke

Patient Casualty Handling

• Emergency Rescue: rapid movement of patient from unsafe to a safe place
• Indications for Emergency Rescue: danger of fire, toxic gases, serious traffic hazards, risk of drowning, electrocution, collapsing walls

Transfer of Patient

• Selection of transfer method depends on:
  • Nature and severity of injury
  • Size of the victim
  • Physical capabilities of the first aider
  • Number of personnel and equipment available
  • Nature of evacuation route
  • Distance to be covered
  • Sex of the victim (last consideration)

Triage

• Process of sorting patients into categories of priority for care and transport
• S.T.A.R.T. System: Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment
• Tagging of Patient:
  • Priority One (Red Tag): immediate care, life-threatening
  • Priority Two (Yellow Tag): delayed care, can delay transport and treatment up to 1 hour
  • Priority Three (Green Tag): hold care, can delay transport up to 3 hours
  • Priority Four (Black Tag): no care required, patient is dead

Bandaging

• Parts of the Triangular Bandage: Apex, Side, Face, Tail, Base
• Bandaging Techniques:
  • Folding of the Triangular Bandage
  • Different Knots: Simple Knot, Square Knot, Surgeons' Knot
  • Open Phase, Broad Cravat, Semi Broad Cravat, Narrow Cravat

Lifting and Moving

• One Man Lifting and Moving: Walking Assist, Cradle Carry, Pack Strap Carry, Firefighter's Carry
• One Man Drag: Armpit or Clothes Drag, Ankle Drag (aka Foot Drag)
• Two Man Lifting and Moving: Extremity Carry, Swing Carry (two-handed seat or arms-as-litter)

Immobilization

• Equipment: Spine Board, Kendrick's Extrication Device (KED), Sets of Splints, Poles and Blankets, Commercial Stretchers

First Aid Kit

• Content: Rubbing alcohol, Povidone Iodine, Cotton Gauge pads, Tongue depressor, Penlight, Band aid, Plaster, Gloves, Scissors, Forceps, Bandage (Triangular), Elastic roller bandage, Occlusive dressing

Dressings and Bandages

• Dressing: sterile cloth materials used to cover the wound
• Uses of dressing: control bleeding, protect the wound from infection, absorb liquid from the wound
• Bandages: clean cloth materials, sterile or not, used to hold the dressing in place
• Uses of bandages: control bleeding, tie splints in place, immobilize body part, arm support - use as a sling

Guidelines in Giving Emergency Care

• GETTING STARTED:
  • Plan of Action
  • Gathering of Needed Materials
  • Initial Response: Ask for HELP, Intervene, Do no further harm
  • Instruction to Helper/s: provide organized first aid care
• EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES:
  • Principle 1