Emergency Medical Response

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

• A round of CPR should last 5 cycles or approximately 2 minutes
• For adults, the correct compression rate is at least 100-120 per minute
• For any victim, the correct compression rate is at least 100-120 per minute
• CPR compressions should be delivered hard and fast in the middle of the victim's chest
• CPR in child (10 years old) will start with 30 compressions/2 ventilations
• CPR in newborn is performed with 30 compressions/1 ventilation
• CPR is initiated and the person's pulse returns, but they are not breathing, ventilation rate should be 10-12 breaths per minute
• Efforts to relieve choking should be stopped when the obstruction is removed, the victim becomes unresponsive, or the ambulance arrives and takes over

Airway Management

• If a patient with an airway obstruction becomes unresponsive, lay them on the ground, open the airway, and attempt to give two rescue breaths
• If an unresponsive victim is making intermittent gasping noises rather than breathing normally, start chest compression immediately
• Normal respiratory rate in adults: 12-20/min
• The most common cause of airway obstruction in unconscious patients is a flaccid tongue blocking the hypopharynx

Bleeding and Shock

• External bleeding can be controlled mostly by applying direct pressure to the wound
• Shock is defined as a failure of the circulatory system
• The most common cause of shock is hemorrhage
• Laying a shock patient flat and elevating their legs will cause blood to drain from the legs into the circulatory system

Medical Response

• If someone is bleeding from a wound, the first thing to do is to apply pressure to the injury
• If a person isn't breathing normally, the first thing to do is to check for a pulse in the neck
• If a victim isn't breathing normally, the first thing to do is to give two rescue breaths
• If you are alone and come upon a person who may need CPR, the first thing to do is to call for emergency medical help and a defibrillator

Trauma Management

• The first priority of trauma management and resuscitation is assuring scene safety
• The most important concern about a rib fracture is underlying organ injury
• The most important early observation that reveals developing respiratory compromise after trauma is increased respiratory rate### Blood Vessels Failure
• Proper hand position for chest compression in a 3-month-old: 2 fingertips, just below the nipple line
• Purpose of knowing the mechanism of injury: to identify life-threatening injuries

Airway Management

• Purpose of jaw-thrust technique: to open the airway of an unconscious patient without manipulating the neck
• Proper way to dress most burn injuries in the pre-hospital setting: dry sterile dressings

Cardiac Arrest

• Technique of external cardiac compression in an adult: place hand between navel and xiphoid process
• Ratio of compressions to ventilations for adult CPR: 30:2
• Depth of chest compressions on an adult victim: 5-6 cm
• Effect of additional administration of oxygen on a patient: increases the amount of oxygen that reaches the cells

###Shock Management

• Treatment for a victim in shock: elevating the legs and feet above the level of the heart
• Positioning a patient to prevent shock: laying down with elevated head
• Action to take if a victim vomits while performing CPR: roll them onto their side to clear the vomit, then continue CPR

Choking and Breathing

• Action to take if an unconscious choking victim: give chest thrusts (adult), back blows and chest thrusts (infant)
• Ventilation rate for an infant: 16-20 breaths/min
• Protection during CPR: gloves and a breathing device

Bleeding Control

• Action to control severe external bleeding: apply direct pressure, elevate the affected limb, and apply a tourniquet if necessary
• Management of arterial bleeding from an extremity: direct pressure, elevation, and pressure point compression
• Management of face and scalp wounds: control bleeding with direct pressure, use a sterile dressing

Resuscitation

• Ratio of compressions to ventilations for infant and child CPR: 30:2
• Factors contributing to cardiopulmonary arrest in infants and children: respiratory function deterioration
• Action to take if an infant or child is unresponsive: call for help, start CPR
• Importance of oxygen for the brain: sensitive to oxygen lack, brief lack of oxygen can cause death### Controlling Nosebleeds
• To control a nosebleed, sit the person upright, leaning forward, and pinch the nostrils together.

Responding to Unresponsive Victims

• If you find an unresponsive victim, ensure scene safety, then check for responsiveness and airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs).
• If the victim is not breathing, start CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) by calling for help, starting chest compressions, and giving rescue breaths.

CPR for Adults

• CPR sequence for adults: 30 chest compressions, 2 breaths.
• Continue CPR until the ambulance arrives or the victim shows signs of regaining consciousness.

Responding to Choking Victims

• If a person is choking, encourage them to cough to dislodge the object.
• Back blows or abdominal thrusts may be necessary to dislodge the object.

Bleeding Control

• To control bleeding, lay the victim down, apply dressing, apply direct pressure, and elevate the limb.
• Call for help and send someone to get an ambulance.

Airway Obstruction

• Check for signs of airway obstruction, such as difficulty breathing, cyanosis, or unconsciousness.
• Remove any visible obstructions and perform back blows or abdominal thrusts as necessary.

Respiratory Arrest

• If the victim is not breathing, start CPR and continue until the ambulance arrives or the victim shows signs of regaining consciousness.

Cardiac Arrest

• If the victim is unresponsive and not breathing, start CPR with chest compressions and rescue breaths.
• Continue CPR until the ambulance arrives or the victim shows signs of regaining consciousness.

Airway Management

• To open an airway, tilt the head back and lift the chin or perform a jaw thrust.
• Check for breathing by listening and feeling for air, and looking for chest rise.

Breathing Assessment

• Check for signs of inadequate breathing, such as irregular respiratory rate, shallow breathing, or apnea.
• Check for equal breath sounds on both sides of the chest.

Circulation Assessment

• Check for signs of inadequate circulation, such as pale or cyanotic skin, delayed capillary refill, or weak pulses.

Recovery Position

• If the victim is unresponsive but breathing, place them in the recovery position (lateral) to keep their airway open.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Sequence

• CPR sequence for adults: 30 chest compressions, 2 breaths.
• CPR sequence for children: 30 chest compressions, 2 breaths.
• CPR sequence for infants: 30 chest compressions, 2 breaths.

Bleeding Control

• Direct pressure, elevation, and pressure points are used to control bleeding.

Airway Obstruction Removal

• Back blows, abdominal thrusts, and chest compressions are used to remove airway obstructions.

Cardio-Respiratory Arrest

• Cardiac arrest can occur due to respiratory arrest, electrolyte imbalance, or other causes.
• CPR is performed until the ambulance arrives or the victim shows signs of regaining consciousness.

Vital Signs

• Assess vital signs, including pulse, breathing rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation.

Bleeding Classification

• Bleeding can be classified as arterial, venous, or capillary.

Chest Compressions

• Chest compressions should be performed at a rate of 100-120/min for adults, 100-120/min for children, and 30-35/min for infants.

Ventilation Rate

• Ventilation rate for adults: 12 breaths/min.
• Ventilation rate for children: 20 breaths/min.
• Ventilation rate for infants: 30-35 breaths/min.

Cardiorespiratory Resuscitation

• Cardiorespiratory resuscitation (CPR) is performed until the ambulance arrives or the victim shows signs of regaining consciousness.

Airway Management

• Airway management includes assessing airway patency, removing obstructions, and providing oxygen.

Breathing Assessment

• Breathing assessment includes checking for signs of inadequate breathing, such as irregular respiratory rate, shallow breathing, or apnea.

Circulation Assessment

• Circulation assessment includes checking for signs of inadequate circulation, such as pale or cyanotic skin, delayed capillary refill, or weak pulses.