Emergency First Aid: Throat Anatomy and Response
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of an improvised face shield in emergency first aid?

  • To protect the rescuer from infection (correct)
  • To protect the casualty from further injury
  • To support the casualty's neck
  • To maintain the casualty's airway

    • What is the primary function of the trachea in throat anatomy?

  • To aid in swallowing
  • To provide a pathway for air into the lungs (correct)
  • To facilitate speaking
  • To regulate heartbeat

    • What is the recommended position for supporting a casualty with angina?

  • Standing with knees slightly bent
  • Sitting upright with legs straight
  • Lying flat with legs elevated
  • Lazy W position with legs supported and bent (correct)

    • What is the primary cause of angina?

    <p>Blockage of the coronary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action for a choking baby?

    <p>5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial piece of information to have readily available in case of an emergency?

    <p>Full address and postcode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of the UK population that will develop an allergy at some point?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of iGE in an allergic reaction?

    <p>Binding to the surface of mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom of anaphylaxis?

    <p>Difficulty breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pressing the wound in treating bleeding?

    <p>To apply pressure to stop the bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times more people were admitted to hospital with a severe allergic reaction in 2000 compared to 1990?

    <p>Seven times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an unnecessary immune response to an innocuous substance?

    <p>Allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of children who have a food allergy in the UK?

    <p>5-8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of examining the wound in treating bleeding?

    <p>To identify the severity of the bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage increase in hospital admissions for anaphylaxis due to food allergy between 2002-03 and 2022-23?

    <p>154%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the release of histamine and other chemicals causing an allergic reaction?

    <p>Degranulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of anaphylaxis that requires immediate attention?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of action when having an allergic reaction?

    <p>Call for help, stay with the casualty, locate adrenaline autoinjector, give antihistamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended position for a patient experiencing anaphylaxis?

    <p>Lying flat with legs raised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the algorithm used to diagnose anaphylaxis?

    <p>ABCDE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct way to hold an adrenaline autoinjector?

    <p>Hold in dominant hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should the adrenaline autoinjector be held in place?

    <p>10 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of managing seizures?

    <p>Maintaining the person's safety and dignity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action if a person has a seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes?

    <p>Call an ambulance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a prolonged or repeated seizure that can increase the risk of status epilepticus?

    <p>Status epilepticus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of self-management programs in controlling seizures?

    <p>They help better control seizures and other symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked on the pre-filled syringe provided?

    <p>The expiry date and dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the oral syringe be placed in the mouth?

    <p>Between the gums and teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended way to administer the dose?

    <p>Dividing the dose into two halves, one for each cheek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the syringe after use?

    <p>Dispose of it safely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of midazolam?

    <p>Drowsiness and sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should midazolam be stored?

    <p>In a safe place, away from children and pets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of people with asthma?

    <p>They have 'sensitive' airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a trigger that can cause an asthma attack?

    <p>Cold air and temperature change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in dealing with an asthma attack?

    <p>Sit up straight and try to remain calm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of an asthma attack?

    <p>Chest tightness and wheezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration of a seizure or series of seizures that is classified as status epilepticus?

    <p>30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy that is not caused by injury, drowning, or other known causes?

    <p>SUDEP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the medicine used to stop prolonged seizures that can be administered bucally?

    <p>Midazolam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the product that contains Midazolam Hydrochloride 5mg in 1ml in pre-filled oral syringes?

    <p>Buccolam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action to take if symptoms do not improve after taking 10 puffs of the reliever inhaler?

    <p>Call 999 immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who can administer buccal midazolam?

    <p>Designated carers and staff who have received training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indication that someone is at risk of an asthma attack?

    <p>Using the reliever inhaler three times a week or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why buccal midazolam is prescribed?

    <p>To stop prolonged generalized seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you always check before administering buccal midazolam?

    <p>The dose and expiry date of the medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of a head injury?

    <p>Blurred vision or double vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if someone loses consciousness and stops breathing after choking?

    <p>Start CPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if buccal midazolam does not control the seizure within five minutes?

    <p>Follow the advice given by your doctor or call 999 for an ambulance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the space between the gum and cheek where buccal midazolam is administered?

    <p>Buccal space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action for managing a concussion?

    <p>Remove the individual from playing or training immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the other product that contains Midazolam Maleate 10mg in 1ml?

    <p>Epistatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trigger for anaphylaxis?

    <p>Milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action to take if someone is experiencing symptoms of an asthma attack?

    <p>Take 1 puff of the reliever inhaler every 30 seconds to 1 minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the FAST method for recognizing stroke?

    <p>Face, Arms, Speech, Time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if someone is experiencing symptoms of a head injury?

    <p>Remove them from playing or training immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of a concussion?

    <p>Feeling irritable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the UK population will develop an allergy at some point?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the increase in hospital admissions for anaphylaxis due to food allergy alone from 2002 to 2022?

    <p>154%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the immune response to an innocuous substance?

    <p>Allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of examining the wound in treating bleeding?

    <p>To assess the severity of the wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the increase in hospital admissions for anaphylaxis from 2002 to 2023?

    <p>108%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common chronic disease in Europe?

    <p>Allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of managing anaphylaxis?

    <p>To provide immediate attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the increase in hospital admissions for food-related anaphylaxis from 2002 to 2022?

    <p>154%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action to take if someone is experiencing symptoms of anaphylaxis?

    <p>Call 999 or 112</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children have a food allergy in the UK?

    <p>5-8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the trachea in throat anatomy?

    <p>To provide a pathway for air into the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended position for supporting a casualty with angina?

    <p>Lazy W position, with legs supported and bent slightly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of early recognition and call in dealing with a heart attack?

    <p>To ensure timely medical intervention and reduce damage to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if someone is choking and loses consciousness and stops breathing?

    <p>Start CPR and call for an ambulance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an improvised face shield in emergency first aid?

    <p>To protect the first aider from bodily fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action for a choking baby?

    <p>5 back slaps and then 5 chest thrusts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in managing anaphylaxis?

    <p>Calling for help</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if someone is experiencing anaphylaxis and has difficulty breathing?

    <p>Sit them upright</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the algorithm used to diagnose anaphylaxis?

    <p>Anaphylaxis Resuscitation Council Algorithm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if someone has a seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes?

    <p>Call an ambulance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a prolonged or repeated seizure that can increase the risk of status epilepticus?

    <p>Status epilepticus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of managing seizures?

    <p>To protect the person's dignity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action if someone is experiencing symptoms of an asthma attack?

    <p>Use an inhaler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the medication used to stop prolonged seizures?

    <p>Midazolam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if someone is experiencing symptoms of an allergic reaction?

    <p>Stay with the person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action to take if someone has a seizure that is different from their usual seizure?

    <p>Call an ambulance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition where a person has a seizure or a series of seizures that last for 30 minutes or more, without a complete recovery of consciousness?

    <p>Status epilepticus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy that is not caused by injury, drowning, or other known causes?

    <p>Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the medicine used to stop prolonged seizures that can be administered bucally?

    <p>Midazolam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the product that contains Midazolam Hydrochloride 5mg in 1ml in pre-filled oral syringes?

    <p>Buccolam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action for managing convulsive status epilepticus?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the space between the gum and cheek where buccal midazolam is administered?

    <p>Buccal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration of a seizure or series of seizures that is classified as status epilepticus?

    <p>30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the other product that contains Midazolam Maleate 10mg in 1ml?

    <p>Epistatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked on the pre-filled syringe provided?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of managing seizures?

    <p>To control the frequency of seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do with the syringe after use?

    <p>Dispose of it safely (to paramedic or pharmacy)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of midazolam?

    <p>Drowsiness and sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should you administer the dose of buccal midazolam?

    <p>Place the syringe between the gums and teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you check on the pre-filled syringe provided?

    <p>The expiry date and dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger an asthma attack?

    <p>Cold air and temperature change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do during an asthma attack?

    <p>Sit up straight and try to calm down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should you store midazolam?

    <p>At room temperature, away from bright light and heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of an asthma attack?

    <p>Chest tightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if someone's seizure does not stop after giving buccal midazolam?

    <p>Call for medical assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of people with asthma?

    <p>They have sensitive airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action to take if symptoms do not improve after taking 10 puffs of the reliever inhaler?

    <p>Make an urgent appointment with a GP or asthma nurse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the early warning signs of an asthma attack?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if someone loses consciousness and stops breathing after choking?

    <p>Start CPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action to take for a concussion?

    <p>Remove from playing or training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action for managing a head injury?

    <p>Give first aid and manage the injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs and symptoms of a concussion?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action to take for a choking baby?

    <p>Give 5 back blows followed by 5 chest thrusts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an injury to the brain?

    <p>Traumatic brain injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done after taking 10 puffs of the reliever inhaler?

    <p>Sit with the casualty until they feel completely well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action to take for an asthma attack?

    <p>Take 10 puffs of the reliever inhaler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended position to support a casualty with angina?

    <p>Upright position to help with breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the GTN spray in dealing with angina?

    <p>To relieve chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of angina?

    <p>Narrowing of the coronary artery due to cholesterol deposits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of early defibrillation in heart attack cases?

    <p>It can help restart the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action for a choking baby?

    <p>5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of checking it is safe before approaching a casualty?

    <p>To avoid putting yourself at risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common sign of anaphylaxis that may occur without skin symptoms?

    <p>Sudden breathing difficulty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in managing anaphylaxis?

    <p>Call for help</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if someone is experiencing symptoms of anaphylaxis and has vomited?

    <p>Give antihistamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action to take if someone has a seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes?

    <p>Phone an ambulance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of managing seizures?

    <p>To maintain the safety and dignity of the person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is status epilepticus?

    <p>A prolonged or repeated seizure that can increase the risk of status epilepticus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if someone is experiencing symptoms of anaphylaxis and has difficulty breathing?

    <p>Lie them flat with their legs raised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action to take if someone has anaphylaxis and has a seizure?

    <p>Give adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of early recognition in dealing with anaphylaxis?

    <p>It saves lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if someone has anaphylaxis and is unconscious?

    <p>Phone an ambulance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of the UK population that will develop an allergy at some point?

    <p>One third</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the reaction that is life-threatening and can affect the airway, breathing, and level of consciousness?

    <p>Anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the unnecessary immune response to an innocuous substance?

    <p>Allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of examining the wound in treating bleeding?

    <p>To examine the wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action to take if someone is experiencing symptoms of an allergic reaction?

    <p>Administer adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the increase in admissions for anaphylaxis due to food allergy alone from 2002-03 to 2022-23?

    <p>154%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the release of histamine and other chemicals causing an allergic reaction?

    <p>De-granulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended position for supporting a casualty with angina?

    <p>Sitting upright</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of children aged 10 and under who have a food allergy in the UK?

    <p>5-8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the immune response to an innocuous substance?

    <p>Allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy that is not caused by injury, drowning, or other known causes?

    <p>SUDEP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration of a seizure or series of seizures that is classified as status epilepticus?

    <p>30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the medicine used to stop prolonged seizures?

    <p>Midazolam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action to take if buccal midazolam does not control the seizure within five minutes?

    <p>Follow the advice given by your doctor or call 999 for an ambulance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the product that contains Midazolam Maleate 10mg in 1ml?

    <p>Epistatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is convulsive status epilepticus?

    <p>A medical emergency requiring admission to hospital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may increase a person’s risk of SUDEP?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is buccal midazolam prescribed to treat?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should buccal midazolam be administered?

    <p>Through the space between the gum and cheek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked on the pre-filled syringe provided?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked before giving the dose of buccal midazolam?

    <p>The dose and expiry date of the pre-filled syringe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the oral syringe after administration?

    <p>Dispose of it safely to a paramedic or pharmacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of midazolam?

    <p>Drowsiness and sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the bottle of Epistatus buccal liquid be stored?

    <p>At room temperature, away from bright light and direct sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trigger for asthma?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if the seizure has not stopped after giving buccal midazolam?

    <p>Seek medical assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the dose of buccal midazolam be administered?

    <p>Divide the dose into two parts and give half in each cheek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of checking the expiry date of the pre-filled syringe?

    <p>To ensure the medication is not expired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the medication if it is no longer needed or past its expiry date?

    <p>Return it to a pharmacist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of asthma?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of puffs of a reliever inhaler that can be taken in a single dose?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if symptoms do not improve after taking 10 puffs of the reliever inhaler?

    <p>Call 999 immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action for managing a concussion?

    <p>A progressive exercise program introducing an individual back to sport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action for a choking baby?

    <p>5 back blows then 5 abdominal thrusts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an early warning sign of an asthma attack?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done after a concussion?

    <p>Rest and avoid strenuous activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of a head injury?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if someone loses consciousness and stops breathing after choking?

    <p>Start CPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action for managing an asthma attack?

    <p>Take 10 puffs of the reliever inhaler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in dealing with an asthma attack?

    <p>Take 1-2 puffs of the reliever inhaler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Emergency First Aid

    • Importance of keeping oneself safe during an emergency: wear a face mask, gloves, and check the scene for safety before approaching the casualty
    • Throat anatomy: tongue, epiglottis, oesophagus, and trachea

    Dealing with the Throat

    • Open-airway technique: support the casualty on the ground in the lazy W position to aid circulation and ease breathing
    • Use GTN spray or angina medication to help the casualty
    • If symptoms don't ease, give a 300mg aspirin and discreetly get an AED ready for resuscitation

    Heart Attack

    • Heart attack occurs when a blockage in the aorta or coronary artery reduces blood flow to the heart muscle
    • Angina: cholesterol deposits narrow the artery and form a clot, blocking the artery
    • Importance of early recognition, call, CPR, defibrillation, and advanced care

    Safety Considerations

    • Implanted devices, medication patches, and inappropriate shock can be hazardous
    • Remove jewelry and avoid flammable atmospheres

    Choking

    • For babies: 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts
    • For children and adults: cough, 5 back blows, and 5 abdominal thrusts; start CPR if they lose consciousness

    Preparing for an Emergency

    • Keep important phone numbers and addresses accessible
    • Take regular puffs of a reliever inhaler during an asthma attack
    • If symptoms don't improve, call 999

    Early Warning Signs

    • Needing to use a reliever inhaler three times a week or more
    • Symptoms: tightness in the chest, breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, or waking up at night due to asthma
    • If the reliever inhaler isn't helping, an asthma attack may be occurring

    Head Injuries

    • Traumatic brain injury: the brain crashes against the skull, causing cerebral compression
    • Signs and symptoms: headache, pressure in the head, balance problems, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light or noise

    Concussions

    • A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury
    • Management principles: remove from play or training, prioritize return to education/work over return to play
    • A progressive exercise program is recommended after a concussion

    Anaphylaxis

    • Triggers: milk, egg, nuts, bee/wasp sting, food, latex, medication
    • Fast for stroke: face, arms, speech, and time
    • Anaphylaxis is life-threatening and can affect airway, breathing, and consciousness

    Allergy Statistics

    • Allergy is the most common chronic disease in Europe
    • Up to 20% of patients with allergies live with a severe debilitating form of their condition
    • The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) states that 1/3 of the UK population will develop an allergy at some point

    Anaphylaxis Treatment

    • Stay with the casualty, call for help if necessary, locate an adrenaline autoinjector, and give antihistamine
    • Phone an ambulance and monitor the casualty closely
    • Follow the child's Individual Healthcare Plan for prescribed medication

    Anaphylaxis Algorithm

    • Use ABCDE: airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure
    • Diagnosis: look for acute onset of illness, life-threatening airway and/or breathing, circulation problems, and skin changes

    Adrenaline Autoinjector

    • Hold the device in your dominant hand, remove the cap, and jab the tip into the upper outer thigh
    • Hold for 10 seconds, massage the injection site for 10 seconds, and phone an ambulance

    Seizures, Fits, and Convulsions

    • Causes of seizures: head injury, brain tumor, CVA or stroke, drugs and alcohol, meningitis, and sepsis
    • Managing seizures: don't put anything in their mouth, don't restrain them, protect their dignity, and time the seizure
    • Call an ambulance if the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or if it's the person's first seizure

    Status Epilepticus

    • A medical emergency that requires admission to hospital
    • Mortality rate up to 20%

    SUDEP (Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy)

    • Deaths in people with epilepsy that are not from injury, drowning, or other known causes
    • Possible causes: breathing changes, heart rhythm changes, and a combination of both### Anaphylaxis
    • Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis:
      • Swelling of the conjunctiva, lips, tongue, and throat
      • Respiratory symptoms: shortness of breath, hoarseness, pain with swallowing, and cough
      • CNS symptoms: light headedness, anxiety, confusion, loss of consciousness, and headache
      • Heart and blood vessels symptoms: fast or slow heart rate, low blood pressure
      • Skin symptoms: hives, itchiness, and flushing
    • Action to take when having an allergic reaction:
      • Stay with the casualty
      • Call for help if necessary
      • Locate adrenaline autoinjector
      • Give antihistamine
      • Phone emergency contact
      • Monitor closely and be ready to give adrenaline immediately if symptoms worsen
    • Anaphylaxis Resuscitation Council Algorithm:
      • Use ABCDE: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure
      • Diagnosis: look for acute onset of illness, life-threatening airway and/or breathing, circulation problems, and skin changes

    Seizures and Epilepsy

    • Symptoms of seizures:
      • Head injury
      • Brain tumour
      • CVA or stroke
      • Drugs and alcohol
      • Meningitis and Sepsis
      • Lack of oxygen
      • Fainting
      • Cardiac arrest
      • Raised temperature
      • Epilepsy – diagnosed when seizures cannot be attributed to any other cause
    • Managing seizures:
      • Don't put anything in their mouth
      • Don't restrain them
      • Protect their dignity
      • If the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes, phone an ambulance
    • Controlling seizures:
      • Ensure seizure medicine is taken regularly and as prescribed
      • Consider a seizure alert monitor if seizures happen at night
      • Avoid seizure triggers if known
      • Avoid drinking an excess of alcohol
      • Self-management programs can help to better control seizures and other symptoms

    Asthma

    • Asthma statistics:
      • 5.4 million people in the UK are currently receiving treatment for asthma
      • Asthma affects more boys than girls
      • Asthma in adults is more common in women than men
    • Asthma triggers:
      • Allergens
      • Work
      • Respiratory infections
      • Strong odours
      • Cold air and temperature change
      • Exercise
      • Stress and emotions
      • Pollutants
      • Food additives
      • Gastic reflux
      • Tobacco
      • Medication
    • How to deal with an asthma attack:
      • Sit up straight
      • Don't lie down
      • Try to keep calm
      • Follow the doctor's instructions

    Bleeding

    • Treatment for bleeding:
      • Sit or lie down
      • Examine the wound
      • Apply pressure
      • Dress the wound

    Allergy Statistics

    • Allergy is the most common chronic disease in Europe
    • Up to 20% of patients with allergies live with a severe debilitating form of their condition
    • The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) states that 1/3 of the UK population, 19 million people, will develop an allergy at some point
    • Anaphylaxis statistics:
      • Seven times as many people were admitted to hospital with a severe allergic reaction in 2000 than in 1990
      • In the decade 2002-12, there was a doubling of admissions with anaphylaxis due to food allergy alone
      • For food-related anaphylaxis, the rise is even higher, going from just under 2,000 admissions twenty years ago to over 5,000 in 2022

    Buccal Midazolam

    • Buccal midazolam is available as:
      • Buccolam contains Midazolam Hydrochloride 5mg in 1ml in pre-filled oral syringes
      • Epistatus contains Midazolam Maleate 10mg in 1ml in a 5ml bottle with four oral syringes
    • Buccal midazolam can only be administered by designated carers and staff who have received training from an appropriate health professional
    • Buccal midazolam is used to treat prolonged seizures
    • The NICE guideline for epilepsy sets out the following recommendations for the use of Buccal Midazolam:
      • Convulsive status epilepticus (seizures lasting 5 minutes or more)
      • Repeated/cluster seizures (usually 3 or more seizures which stop on their own in 24 hours)
      • Prolonged seizures (seizures lasting more than 2 minutes longer than a person's usual seizure)### Asthma Attack
    • Take 1 puff of reliever inhaler every 30-60 seconds, max 10 puffs
    • If symptoms improve, sit with casualty until they feel completely well and return to previous activity
    • If not, call 999
    • Steps to manage an asthma attack:
      • Step 1: Take reliever inhaler and sit with casualty
      • Step 2: Repeat after 15 minutes while waiting for ambulance
      • Step 3: Call 999
      • Step 4: Repeat step 2 after 15 minutes while waiting for ambulance
      • Step 5: Make urgent same-day appointment with GP or asthma nurse

    Head Injuries

    • Traumatic brain injury: brain crashes against skull, cerebral compression
    • Signs and symptoms:
      • Headache or pressure in the head
      • Balance problems or dizziness
      • Nausea/vomiting
      • Sensitivity to light/noise
      • Does not feel right
      • Blurred vision or double vision
      • Feels dazed, sluggish, foggy, or groggy
      • Difficulty concentrating or remembering
      • Feeling irritable, sad, nervous, or more emotional
      • Sleep disturbances
    • Observed by others:
      • Appears stunned or dazed
      • Loses consciousness (even briefly)
      • Is confused about events
      • Trouble thinking or concentrating
      • Can't recall events prior/after event
      • Shows behavior/personality changes
      • Answers questions slowly and repeats questions
      • Has difficulty remembering things and organizing themselves
    • How to recognize and manage a concussion:
      • It's an injury to the brain
      • Most concussions can recover with complete management
      • All concussions should be regarded as potentially serious and managed according to appropriate guidelines
      • Loss of consciousness does not occur in the majority of concussions
      • Anyone with concussion symptoms following a head injury must be removed from playing or training
      • They must not return to play on the day of any suspected concussion
      • Return to education/work must take priority over return to play
      • A progressive exercise program that introduces an individual back to sport in a step-wise fashion is recommended after a concussion

    Choking

    • 5 back blows, then 5 abdominal thrusts
    • For babies: 5 back slaps, then 5 chest thrusts
    • If they lose consciousness and stop breathing, start CPR

    Anaphylaxis

    • Triggers:
      • Milk
      • Egg
      • Bee/wasp sting
      • Nuts
      • Food
      • Latex
      • Medication
    • Signs and symptoms:
      • Swelling of the conjunctiva
      • Runny nose
      • Swelling of lips/tongue/throat
      • Respiratory: shortness of breath, hoarseness, pain with swallowing, cough
      • CNS: light-headedness, anxiety, confusion, loss of consciousness, headache
      • Heart and blood vessels: fast or slow heart rate, low blood pressure
      • Skin: hives, itchiness, flushing
    • Action:
      • Stay with the casualty
      • Call for help if necessary
      • Locate adrenaline autoinjector
      • Give antihistamine
      • Phone emergency contact
      • If vomited, can repeat antihistamine dose
      • Monitor closely and be ready to give adrenaline immediately if symptoms worsen
    • Resuscitation Council Algorithm:
      • Use ABCDE: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure
      • Diagnosis: look for acute onset of illness, life-threatening airway and/or breathing, circulation problems, skin changes
      • If so, call for help, lie patient flat (only if they are not struggling to breathe, if breathless, sit upright), raise patient's legs
      • Give adrenaline and call ambulance
    • How to use adrenaline autoinjector:
      • Hold in your dominant hand
      • Remove the cap with your other hand
      • Swing and jab the tip of the autoinjector in your upper, outer thigh (with or without clothes, but avoiding seams)
      • Hold the injection in place for 10 seconds
      • Massage the injection site for 10 seconds
      • Phone for an ambulance
    • Watch for signs of anaphylaxis:
      • Anaphylaxis may occur without skin symptoms
      • Always consider anaphylaxis in someone with a known food allergy who has sudden breathing difficulty
      • Airway: persistent cough, difficulty swallowing, vocal changes, swelling
      • Breathing: difficulty or noisy breathing, wheezing (like an asthma attack)
      • Consciousness: persistent dizziness, suddenly sleepy, pale/floppy, unconscious
      • If any one or more of these signs are present: lie casualty flat with legs raised (if breathing is difficult, allow casualty to sit), use adrenaline, dial 999 for ambulance
      • If in doubt, give adrenaline
    • After giving adrenaline:
      • Stay with casualty until ambulance arrives
      • Do not stand casualty up
      • Commence CPR if there are no signs of life
      • If no improvement after 5 minutes, give a second adrenaline dose using a second autoinjector device if available

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    Test your knowledge of emergency first aid procedures, including throat anatomy and response to medical emergencies. Learn about keeping yourself safe, dealing with throat-related injuries, and administering medication.

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