Emergency Airway Management Techniques
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Questions and Answers

Which type of injuries are typically caused by knives, spikes of glass, and other sharp objects?

  • Low velocity injuries (correct)
  • Blast injuries
  • High velocity injuries
  • Compression injuries

    • What is the leading cause of mortality for individuals aged 1-44 years?

  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Infectious diseases
  • Cancer
  • Trauma (correct)

    • What is the primary cause of morbidity in cases of major trauma?

  • Trauma itself
  • Cancer
  • Infectious diseases
  • Permanent disabilities (correct)

    • Which type of injury causes shock waves to spread out from the main missile tract and affect areas far from the primary missile tract?

    <p>High velocity injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of trauma care?

    <p>Preventing early mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocol is an internationally accepted method for managing major trauma victims?

    <p>ATLS protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five steps involved in the primary survey and resuscitation as per the ATLS protocol?

    <p>Airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injuries can result from blunt trauma?

    <p>Seat belt injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to clear and maintain an open airway during the primary survey?

    <p>Chin lifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cervical spine control important during the primary survey?

    <p>To prevent long-term complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main extracellular cation?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the daily average insensible obligatory water loss in a temperate climate?

    <p>600-1000 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is the most powerful conservator of sodium?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main intracellular cation?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much water is lost from the body through faeces daily?

    <p>60-150 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the biologic effects of calcium, such as neuromuscular stability and blood coagulation?

    <p>Ionized free fraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what circumstances does acidosis cause an increase in the ionized fraction of calcium?

    <p>Respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone controls the output of urine, including the amount of water excreted?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of major trauma assessment?

    <p>To integrate clinical, laboratory, and radiological information for forming a management plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During major trauma assessment, which part of the body requires careful log rolling to avoid spinal cord injury?

    <p>Neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five serious problems to detect or exclude during major trauma assessment?

    <p>Airway obstruction, metabolic acidosis, cardiac tamponade, hypothermia, and coagulopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five areas of potentially severe bleeding during major trauma assessment?

    <p>Chest, abdomen, pelvis, long bone fractures, and external bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five causes of upper airway obstruction during major trauma assessment?

    <p>Tongue, blood, loose teeth or dentures, vomitus, and soft tissue edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hypothermia contribute to a potentially fatal outcome in major trauma?

    <p>By decreasing clotting factors and leading to coagulopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of body weight is total body water in adults?

    <p>45-75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of suspected cervical spine instability, which of the following clinical findings would suggest the spine is unstable?

    <p>Tenderness on palpation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used for immobilization of the cervical spine if a backboard and rigid collar are not available?

    <p>Manual in-line immobilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the radiological evaluation of the cervical spine typically done?

    <p>After stabilization of vital systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not assessed when evaluating breathing during the primary survey?

    <p>Blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial treatment for massive haemothorax in the context of immediately life-threatening thoracic conditions?

    <p>Chest tube insertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shock is categorized into which of the following types?

    <p>Hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and neurogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to control bleeding in emergency situations?

    <p>Direct pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment tool is used for neurological assessment during the primary survey?

    <p>AVPU evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure is recommended to prevent vomiting and aspiration in emergency situations?

    <p>Nasogastric tube insertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which radiological assessment is typically included for trauma patients during the primary survey?

    <p>Pelvis X-ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym AMPLE stand for in the context of obtaining patient's history during the primary survey?

    <p>Allergies, Medications, Past medical history, Last meal, Events leading to injury or illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated blood loss in a haematoma around a fractured pelvis?

    <p>2000-2500 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended replacement solution for a Class II deficit?

    <p>Lactated Ringer's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial bolus amount given for a Class II deficit replacement?

    <p>2 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contraindicated for covering a wound and applying pressure in hemorrhage management?

    <p>Tourniquets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is arterial bleeding characterized?

    <p>Bright red blood in pulsatile jets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does haemorrhage classification based on timing include?

    <p>Primary, reactionary, or secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of haemorrhage occurs in body cavities like haemoperitoneum and haemothorax?

    <p>Interstitial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of acute haemorrhage according to the given text?

    <p>Gastrointestinal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of haemorrhage?

    <p>Trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is haemorrhage classified?

    <p>By the site and type of vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of primary haemorrhage?

    <p>Trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is involved in maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion during haemorrhage?

    <p>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and hormonal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common symptoms of haemorrhage?

    <p>Weakness and mental status changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is clinical estimation of blood loss typically made?

    <p>By assessing mental status, skin color, pulse and blood pressure, and urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated blood volume in adults?

    <p>$70 ml/kg$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common signs of haemorrhage?

    <p>Pale, cold, and clammy skin, slow capillary refill, hypotension, tachycardia, and tachypnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is secondary haemorrhage likely to occur?

    <p>After the initial haemorrhage has been controlled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is bleeding categorized based on visibility and location?

    <p>External and superficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of blood in case of venous bleeding?

    <p>Dark red and steady flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of haemorrhage does blood occur as a diffuse ooze of bright red blood?

    <p>Capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is haemorrhage classified based on timing in relation to trauma?

    <p>Primary, reactionary, and secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended replacement solution for a Class I deficit according to the given text?

    <p>Normal saline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contraindicated for covering a wound and applying pressure in hemorrhage management?

    <p>Tourniquets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the administration protocol for a Class II deficit replacement, as per the given text?

    <p>Two liters given as a bolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injury causes shock waves to spread out from the main missile tract and affect areas far from the primary missile tract, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Penetrating injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of haemorrhage?

    <p>Trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is haemorrhage classified?

    <p>By site and type of vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is secondary haemorrhage likely to occur?

    <p>One to two weeks after trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated blood volume in adults?

    <p>70 ml/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common symptoms of haemorrhage?

    <p>Fainting, feeling cold and thirsty, mental status changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is involved in maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion during haemorrhage?

    <p>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to haemorrhage?

    <p>Through local and systemic mechanisms to stop bleeding and maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common signs of haemorrhage?

    <p>Pallor, tachycardia, tachypnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the biologic effects of calcium, such as neuromuscular stability and blood coagulation?

    <p>Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five causes of upper airway obstruction during major trauma assessment?

    <p>Laryngeal oedema, tongue oedema, inhalation injury, tracheal deviation, foreign body aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure is recommended to prevent vomiting and aspiration in emergency situations?

    <p>Rapid sequence intubation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Cervical spine should be considered unstable in certain situations, including clinical examination revealing bony abnormalities or tenderness, multisystem trauma, blunt injury above clavicle, altered level of consciousness from trauma or drugs, and maxillofacial trauma.

    • Immobilization of the cervical spine is done using a backboard and rigid collar or manual in-line immobilization if not available.

    • Radiological evaluation of the cervical spine is done later after stabilization of vital systems.

    • Breathing is assessed by inspecting for air movement, respiratory rate, cyanosis, tracheal shift, jugular venous distention, open chest wounds, asymmetric chest expansion, use of accessory muscles of respiration, palpating for subcutaneous emphysema and flail segments, auscultating for upper and lower airway sounds, and cervical spine immobilization.

    • Immediately life-threatening thoracic conditions and their treatment include tension pneumothorax, needle decompression followed by intercostal chest tube, cardiac tamponade, needle pericardiocentesis followed by operative pericardiotomy and control of bleeding source, flail chest, emergency pleural cavity drainage, and massive haemothorax, initial treatment by chest tube insertion and later thoracotomy if bleeding continues.

    • Shock is categorized into haemorrhagic, cardiogenic, and neurogenic.

    • Bleeding is controlled with direct pressure, large-calibre IV lines, blood sampling, and fluid resuscitation.

    • Neurological assessment is done using AVPU evaluation and Glasgow Coma Scale.

    • Clothes are removed using sharp scissors and the patient is kept warm, a urinary catheter is inserted if not contraindicated, and a nasogastric tube is used to decompress the stomach and prevent vomiting and aspiration.

    • Radiological assessment includes cervical spine, AP chest, pelvis, and trauma site X-rays or CT scans.

    • Patient's history is obtained during the primary survey using the acronym AMPLE.

    • Secondary survey is done once resuscitation efforts are underway and preliminary X-rays have been evaluated, with objectives being a thorough examination of the patient and taking a complete medical history.

    • Severe haemorrhage can be caused by traumatic injuries, such as splenic or liver injury, haemothorax, pelvis fracture, or major surgery. Other causes include bleeding from oesophageal varices, duodenal ulcer, ruptured aortic aneurysm, pre- and postpartum haemorrhage, and ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

    • Haemorrhage occurs when red blood cells escape from vessels, and is classified by site (external or internal) and type of vessel (arterial, venous, or capillary).

    • Primary haemorrhage occurs at the time of trauma, while reactionary haemorrhage occurs within 24 hours due to an insecure ligature or dislodged clot, and secondary haemorrhage occurs one to two weeks later due to infection eroding a vessel wall.

    • Aetiology of haemorrhage can be traumatic, iatrogenic, atherosclerotic, inflammatory, neoplastic, or due to bleeding diathesis.

    • General surgery response to hemorrhage involves stopping the bleeding locally through vasoconstriction, platelet plug, and blood clotting. Systemically, it involves neural and endocrine responses to maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion of critical tissues.

    • Neural responses include stimulation of the sympathetic system, resulting in constriction of veins and arterioles, increased heart rate and myocardial contraction, and increased release of catecholamines and metabolic hormones.

    • Endocrine responses include release of catecholamines, increased ACTH, cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon, and inhibition of insulin release.

    • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is also involved in maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion by releasing aldosterone and vasopressin.

    • Symptoms of haemorrhage include weakness, fainting, feeling cold and thirsty, mental status changes, pulse and blood pressure changes, respiratory distress, hypothermia, and oliguria.

    • Clinical estimation of blood loss can be made by assessing mental status, skin colour and capillary refill, pulse and blood pressure, respiratory rate, and urine output.

    • Estimated blood volume is 70 ml/kg in adults and 80 ml/kg in children, and losses up to 15% of blood volume can be compensated for by the body's mechanisms.

    • Common signs of haemorrhage include pale, cold, and clammy skin, slow capillary refill, hypotension, tachycardia, and tachypnea.

    • Haemorrhage can be fatal if a large artery is involved, such as the carotid artery after a radical neck dissection.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, neoplasia, and bleeding diathesis.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on site (internal or external) and type of vessel (arterial, venous, or capillary).

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through local and systemic mechanisms, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug, blood clotting, neural responses, and endocrine responses.

    • Neural responses include stimulation of the sympathetic system, release of catecholamines, and inhibition of the vagus nerve.

    • Endocrine responses include release of ACTH, cortisol, growth hormone, glucagon, and vasopressin.

    • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is involved in maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion by releasing aldosterone and vasopressin.

    • Clinical estimation of blood loss can be made based on symptoms, signs, and measurements of blood loss, mental status, skin colour and capillary refill, pulse and blood pressure, respiratory rate, and urine output.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, such as the carotid artery after a radical neck dissection.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage involves local and systemic mechanisms to stop the bleeding and maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage is a serious medical condition that can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia, and is characterized by the escape of red blood cells from vessels.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on site and type of vessel, and can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through local and systemic mechanisms, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug, blood clotting, neural responses, and endocrine responses.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, and is characterized by symptoms such as weakness, fainting, coldness, thirst, mental status changes, pulse and blood pressure changes, respiratory distress, and oliguria.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage includes local mechanisms to stop the bleeding, and systemic mechanisms to maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion, including neural and endocrine responses.

    • Common causes of severe haemorrhage include trauma, major surgery, bleeding oesophageal varices, bleeding duodenal ulcer, ruptured aortic aneurysm, pre and postpartum haemorrhage, and ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage is aimed at stopping the bleeding and maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion, through neural and endocrine mechanisms.

    • Primary haemorrhage occurs at the time of trauma, reactionary haemorrhage occurs within 24 hours after trauma, and secondary haemorrhage occurs one to two weeks after trauma.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, such as the carotid artery after sloughing of the skin flaps of a radical neck dissection.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage involves local and systemic mechanisms to stop the bleeding and maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including traumatic, atherosclerotic, inflammatory, and neoplastic causes.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, based on the timing and cause of the bleeding.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large vessel is involved, such as the aorta in the case of a ruptured aneurysm.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage can cause a significant decrease in effective circulatory volume and perfusion, which can lead to shock if not treated promptly.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on the site of bleeding and the type of vessel involved.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, and is characterized by symptoms such as weakness, fainting, pallor, tachycardia, hypotension, and respiratory distress.

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through local and systemic mechanisms, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug, blood clotting, neural responses, and endocrine responses.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, and is characterized by symptoms such as weakness, fainting, pallor, tachycardia, hypotension, and respiratory distress.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on the site of bleeding and the type of vessel involved.

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through various mechanisms, including

    • Severe haemorrhage can be caused by traumatic injuries, such as splenic or liver injury, haemothorax, pelvis fracture, or major surgery. Other causes include bleeding from oesophageal varices, duodenal ulcer, ruptured aortic aneurysm, pre- and postpartum haemorrhage, and ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

    • Haemorrhage occurs when red blood cells escape from vessels, and is classified by site (external or internal) and type of vessel (arterial, venous, or capillary).

    • Primary haemorrhage occurs at the time of trauma, while reactionary haemorrhage occurs within 24 hours due to an insecure ligature or dislodged clot, and secondary haemorrhage occurs one to two weeks later due to infection eroding a vessel wall.

    • Aetiology of haemorrhage can be traumatic, iatrogenic, atherosclerotic, inflammatory, neoplastic, or due to bleeding diathesis.

    • General surgery response to hemorrhage involves stopping the bleeding locally through vasoconstriction, platelet plug, and blood clotting. Systemically, it involves neural and endocrine responses to maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion of critical tissues.

    • Neural responses include stimulation of the sympathetic system, resulting in constriction of veins and arterioles, increased heart rate and myocardial contraction, and increased release of catecholamines and metabolic hormones.

    • Endocrine responses include release of catecholamines, increased ACTH, cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon, and inhibition of insulin release.

    • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is also involved in maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion by releasing aldosterone and vasopressin.

    • Symptoms of haemorrhage include weakness, fainting, feeling cold and thirsty, mental status changes, pulse and blood pressure changes, respiratory distress, hypothermia, and oliguria.

    • Clinical estimation of blood loss can be made by assessing mental status, skin colour and capillary refill, pulse and blood pressure, respiratory rate, and urine output.

    • Estimated blood volume is 70 ml/kg in adults and 80 ml/kg in children, and losses up to 15% of blood volume can be compensated for by the body's mechanisms.

    • Common signs of haemorrhage include pale, cold, and clammy skin, slow capillary refill, hypotension, tachycardia, and tachypnea.

    • Haemorrhage can be fatal if a large artery is involved, such as the carotid artery after a radical neck dissection.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, neoplasia, and bleeding diathesis.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on site (internal or external) and type of vessel (arterial, venous, or capillary).

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through local and systemic mechanisms, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug, blood clotting, neural responses, and endocrine responses.

    • Neural responses include stimulation of the sympathetic system, release of catecholamines, and inhibition of the vagus nerve.

    • Endocrine responses include release of ACTH, cortisol, growth hormone, glucagon, and vasopressin.

    • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is involved in maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion by releasing aldosterone and vasopressin.

    • Clinical estimation of blood loss can be made based on symptoms, signs, and measurements of blood loss, mental status, skin colour and capillary refill, pulse and blood pressure, respiratory rate, and urine output.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, such as the carotid artery after a radical neck dissection.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage involves local and systemic mechanisms to stop the bleeding and maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage is a serious medical condition that can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia, and is characterized by the escape of red blood cells from vessels.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on site and type of vessel, and can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through local and systemic mechanisms, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug, blood clotting, neural responses, and endocrine responses.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, and is characterized by symptoms such as weakness, fainting, coldness, thirst, mental status changes, pulse and blood pressure changes, respiratory distress, and oliguria.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage includes local mechanisms to stop the bleeding, and systemic mechanisms to maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion, including neural and endocrine responses.

    • Common causes of severe haemorrhage include trauma, major surgery, bleeding oesophageal varices, bleeding duodenal ulcer, ruptured aortic aneurysm, pre and postpartum haemorrhage, and ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage is aimed at stopping the bleeding and maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion, through neural and endocrine mechanisms.

    • Primary haemorrhage occurs at the time of trauma, reactionary haemorrhage occurs within 24 hours after trauma, and secondary haemorrhage occurs one to two weeks after trauma.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, such as the carotid artery after sloughing of the skin flaps of a radical neck dissection.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage involves local and systemic mechanisms to stop the bleeding and maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including traumatic, atherosclerotic, inflammatory, and neoplastic causes.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, based on the timing and cause of the bleeding.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large vessel is involved, such as the aorta in the case of a ruptured aneurysm.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage can cause a significant decrease in effective circulatory volume and perfusion, which can lead to shock if not treated promptly.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on the site of bleeding and the type of vessel involved.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, and is characterized by symptoms such as weakness, fainting, pallor, tachycardia, hypotension, and respiratory distress.

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through local and systemic mechanisms, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug, blood clotting, neural responses, and endocrine responses.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, and is characterized by symptoms such as weakness, fainting, pallor, tachycardia, hypotension, and respiratory distress.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on the site of bleeding and the type of vessel involved.

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through various mechanisms, including

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    Test your knowledge of emergency airway management techniques with this quiz. Learn about procedures such as nasotracheal intubation, cricothyroidotomy, and cervical spine control.

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