Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT considered a social science?
The Enlightenment period contributed to the rise of social sciences.
True
The impact of the _____ revolution and _____ revolution were significant to the development of social sciences in the 19th century.
French, industrial
Who coined the term 'sociology'?
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What was a primary concern of thinkers during the 19th century regarding social order?
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What ideologies originated due to the twin revolutions in the 18th century?
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Humanitarianism is an ideology committed to the improvement of the wealthy.
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Which discipline emerged as a separate and independent field in the 19th century?
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The idea of evolutionism had no impact on the development of social sciences.
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What does anthropology study?
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Sociology is primarily concerned with __________ relationships.
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Match the following social sciences with their focus areas:
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What is the primary focus of political science?
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Sociology seeks to unify all social sciences into one master discipline.
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What is the role of sociology in relation to history?
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Study Notes
Emergence of Social Sciences
- The tradition of social sciences began as a significant development in the 19th century, with economics, political science, and history recognized as core disciplines.
- The Enlightenment period (17th-18th centuries) fostered a climate of reasoning that prompted the evolution of social sciences.
- The French and Industrial Revolutions profoundly destabilized traditional social orders based on kinship, land, class, religion, and monarchy.
Responses to Social Change
- Social sciences emerged as responses to the chaos caused by the twin revolutions, which unsettled established societal norms.
- Thinkers were motivated to explore ways to restore social order through political, industrial, and trade frameworks.
- Theoretical contributions in social thought aimed to redefine the meanings of these social elements.
Intellectual and Philosophical Influences
- The 18th-century revolutions led to new intellectual movements, giving rise to ideologies like individualism and socialism.
- The impact of influential philosophies such as positivism, humanitarianism, and evolutionism shaped the direction of social sciences.
Positivism
- Positivism emphasizes a clear distinction between philosophy and science, advocating for the scientific investigation of human thought and behavior.
- August Comte popularized the scientific analysis of social behavior and introduced the term "sociology” in his 1830-1842 work "Positive Philosophy."
Humanitarianism
- This ideology focuses on human welfare, encouraging social consciousness and the responsibility to address poverty and improve living conditions for the needy.
Evolutionism
- Evolutionism influenced all social sciences by introducing ideas of development applicable to social structures, paralleling biological evolution.
- The philosophy contributed to the establishment of sociology as a systematic discipline in the 1830s.
Development of Social Sciences
- Two main tendencies characterized the development of social sciences:
- A drive towards unification, seeking a master social science.
- A trend towards the specialization of individual social sciences.
- Sociology emerged as a distinct discipline during the 19th century, building on the aspirations of Comte and other supporters.
Key Disciplines within Social Sciences
- Sociology: Focuses on social relationships and interactions beyond economic or historical perspectives.
- Economics: Examines the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, emphasizing their social context.
- Political Science: Studies the state and government, emphasizing political philosophy and governance forms.
- Anthropology: Investigates human existence and cultural development, focusing on primitive societies and communities.
- Psychology: Analyzes human behavior, particularly at the individual level, with social psychology studying the influence of societal contexts.
- History: Documents and analyzes past human events, with sociology providing a foundational context for historical study.
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Description
Explore the historical development of social sciences during the 19th century. Understand how economics, political science, and history emerged as distinct disciplines influenced by the enlightenment and significant events like the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. This quiz covers the key transformations that laid the foundation for modern social sciences.
