59 Questions
Which organ system is NOT derived from endoderm?
Thymus
How does smoking during pregnancy primarily affect fetal development?
Brain hypoplasia
In gestational exposure to cocaine, what is a common impact on the fetus?
Cardiac malformation
What effect does alcohol consumption during pregnancy have on fetal development?
Microcephaly
Which medication used for birth control can have teratogenic effects on the developing fetus?
Combined oral contraceptives
How does exposure to environmental toxins impact fetal morphogenesis?
Eye malformation
During which period is the fetus most vulnerable to the effects of teratogens?
Embryonic period (first 8 weeks after fertilization)
Which layer of the embryonic disc gives rise to the pituitary gland?
Ectoderm
What is the source of adrenal cortex hormones such as aldosterone and cortisol?
Mesoderm
Which substance can have adverse effects on fetal development if consumed during pregnancy?
Cocaine in any amount
What impact can smoking have on fetal development?
Increases the risk of preterm delivery and low birth weight
What is an effect of excessive vitamin A intake during the first trimester of pregnancy?
Microcephaly
Which layer of the embryo gives rise to the epinephrine and norepinephrine producing cells of the adrenal gland?
Neural crest
Which birth control medication is contraindicated during pregnancy due to its teratogenic effects?
Propecia
What is a potential consequence of alcohol consumption during the first trimester of pregnancy?
Congenital heart defects
How does cocaine use during pregnancy primarily affect the fetus?
Placental abruption
Which adverse effect is associated with smoking during pregnancy?
Placental anomalies
What is a risk of exposure to methylmercury found in fish and seafood during pregnancy?
Delayed milestones
Which embryonic gene is primarily responsible for CNS development and limb patterning?
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)
What is the consequence of a mutation in the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) gene during embryonic development?
Single-lobed brain and facial abnormalities
Which gene is crucial for limb proximal-distal outgrowth and is produced at the limb bud?
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
What is the role of Homeobox genes (HOX) in embryonic development?
Regulation of anterior-posterior axis patterning
Which gene family is associated with limb malformations such as polydactyly and syndactyly when mutated?
Homeobox genes (HOX)
How does a mutation in the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) gene affect CNS development?
Development of forebrain through abnormal division
During which stage of early embryonic development does the formation of the blastula from morula occur?
Two-Cell stage
What is the function of the primitive streak in the embryonic development process?
Initiates the process of gastrulation
In human embryonic development, what gives rise to all the tissues of the body?
Inner cell mass
Which cell layer gives rise to the three germ layers during gastrulation?
Epiblast
What marks the start of gastrulation during early embryonic development?
Presence of the primitive streak
Which stage is characterized by the reorganization of the blastula into a two-three-layered embryo known as the gastrula?
Gastrulation
What is the embryonic structure key for the development of the head and neck?
Pharyngeal arches
Which embryonic structure gives rise to ectoderm?
Pharyngeal clefts
Which component of the pharyngeal apparatus is derived from endoderm?
Pharyngeal pouches
Which embryonic structure is associated with DiGeorge Syndrome?
Pharyngeal arches
Which structure is NOT a component of the pharyngeal apparatus?
Branchial cleft cysts
The ultimobranchial body contributes to the development of which structures?
Thyroid gland
Which component is primarily affected in individuals with abnormalities related to pharyngeal clefts?
Muscular element
What is the classic triad associated with DiGeorge Syndrome?
Loss of T-cells, recurrent infections, congenital heart defects
Which structure is most commonly affected in patients with DiGeorge Syndrome?
Pharyngeal pouches
Where is a branchial cleft cyst most commonly located?
Above the angle of the mandible
Which structure is NOT a derivative of the pharyngeal pouches?
External auditory meatus
Which structure shares a similar embryological origin with the ultimobranchial body?
Thyroid gland
What distinguishes a branchial cleft cyst from a thyroglossal duct cyst?
Location within the neck
Which embryonic structures are lined by ectoderm?
Branchial clefts
Which structures fail to fuse in the formation of the primary palate?
Intermaxillary segment with maxillary process
Which condition results from the failure of fusion of two lateral palatine shelves or the lateral palatine shelf with the nasal septum in palate formation?
Pharyngeal cleft
What structures form the primary palate in embryonic development?
Medial nasal processes
Which defect occurs between the 4th and 7th weeks of pregnancy involving openings in a baby's upper lip?
Cleft lip
What condition arises from a failure of fusion of the intermaxillary segment with the maxillary process?
Cleft lip
Which structure fails to fuse in cleft palate formation?
Lateral palatine shelves with each other
Which condition involves openings in a baby's roof of the mouth (palate) and occurs between the 6th and 9th weeks of pregnancy?
Cleft palate
What defect results from a failure of fusion of two lateral palatine shelves or failure with other structures in palate formation?
Cleft palate
Which embryonic structure gives rise to the ultimobranchial body in the developing thyroid?
Fourth pharyngeal pouch
In human embryology, which condition is closely related to defects in the development of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches?
DiGeorge Syndrome
Which of the following structures is derived from the first pharyngeal cleft during embryonic development?
Eustachian tube
A patient presents with a lateral neck mass that represents a remnant of the branchial apparatus. Which branchial cleft is most likely involved in this condition?
Second branchial cleft
Which anatomical structure is most likely affected in a patient with a defect in the development of the fourth pharyngeal pouch?
Ventral parathyroid glands
Which of the following represents a condition characterized by defects in the formation of pharyngeal pouches and neural crest cells migration?
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Which embryonic structure gives rise to the ultimobranchial body that later incorporates into the thyroid gland?
Fourth pharyngeal pouch
Explore the stages of embryonic development within the first 8 weeks after fertilization, from organogenesis to the establishment of adult structures. Learn about the development of the heart, limbs, and key layers like ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
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