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Questions and Answers
Which structures are considered retroperitoneal?
What is the role of mesenteries in the digestive tract?
Which of the following structures is suspended by mesenteries?
What distinguishes intraperitoneal structures from retroperitoneal structures?
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Which mesentery is associated with the descending colon?
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What is the role of the cardia in the stomach?
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Which of the following accurately describes the position of the duodenum?
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What distinguishes the pylorus in the stomach?
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Which of the following statements about the small intestine is true?
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What is true regarding the curvatures of the stomach?
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What structure is primarily responsible for suspending the digestive tube during embryonic development?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the peritoneum?
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What happens to the ventral mesentery as development progresses into adulthood?
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Which mesentery is associated with the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract?
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The mesenteries are named based on:
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Which of the following mesenteries connects the stomach to the liver?
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Which peritoneum covers suspended abdominal organs?
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What structure fuses to the posterior portion of the parietal peritoneum?
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What is the primary function of the gallbladder?
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Which structure is located anterior to the gallbladder?
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What forms the common bile duct?
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Which of the following is NOT a boundary of the gallbladder?
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What is the anatomical location of the gallbladder within the liver?
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Which of the following ducts are involved in bile transport?
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Which artery supplies blood to the gallbladder?
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What structure does the common hepatic duct merge with to eventually form the common bile duct?
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What is the role of vasa recta in the blood supply to the small intestine?
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Which artery is responsible for supplying the lowest part of the descending colon and sigmoid colon?
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At what vertebral level does the inferior mesenteric artery arise from the abdominal aorta?
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Which arteries supply the upper part of the anal canal?
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Which of the following is NOT a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery?
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The common hepatic artery branches from which major artery?
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What does the left colic artery primarily supply?
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Which artery supplies the lower part of the anal canal?
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What is the primary function of the hepatic portal vein?
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Which artery supplies the pancreas?
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Study Notes
Embryonic Development of the Digestive Tract
- The digestive tube is suspended from the abdominal wall using dorsal and ventral mesenteries
- The ventral mesentery is mostly lost in adults, except for its connection of the stomach to the liver (lesser omentum) and the liver to the body wall (falciform ligament)
- The ventral mesentery is present in the 4th week of development, the dorsal mesentery is present in the 5th week of development
- By week 11, the mesenteries associated with parts of the small intestine, pancreas, and parts of the colon fuse to the body wall
Abdominal Cavity Peritoneum
- The abdominal cavity is lined by a mesothelium called peritoneum
- The peritoneum reflects off the abdominal wall to form folds of tissue called mesenteries
- Mesenteries suspend abdominal organs
- The parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall
- The visceral peritoneum covers suspended organs
- The GIT is suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by mesenteries
- Mesenteries are named according to the organs they cover
- Ventral mesenteries attach to the proximal portion of the gut tube
- Dorsal mesenteries attach along the entire gut tube
Mesentery Diagram
- In this diagram, the greater omentum is cut
- In this diagram, the transverse mesocolon is fused to the posterior part of the parietal peritoneum
- In this diagram, the mesocolon of the ascending and descending colons are fused to the posterior part of the parietal peritoneum
- In this diagram, the mesentery proper is a sheet that is present
- In this diagram, all organs are suspended by mesenteries except for the ascending, descending, and sigmoid colons
Sagittal Section
- In this diagram, the duodenum, pancreas, and rectum are retroperitoneal
- In this diagram, the spleen is suspended by the lesser omentum
Intraperitoneal vs Retroperitoneal
- Intraperitoneal structures are suspended by mesenteries
- Retroperitoneal structures lie between the parietal peritoneum and the abdominal wall
- The stomach is an example of an intraperitoneal organ
- The kidneys are an example of a retroperitoneal organ
Stomach
- The stomach is the most dilated part of the GIT
- The stomach is J-shaped
- The stomach is located between the abdominal oesophagus and the small intestines
- The stomach has four regions: cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus
- The stomach has two openings: cardiac and pyloric orifices
- The stomach has two curvatures: greater and lesser
- The stomach has two surfaces: anterior and posterior
Abdominal Viscera Diagram
- This diagram shows the liver with the gallbladder, the stomach with the greater and lesser omentum, the spleen, the transverse colon, the duodenum, and the greater and lesser curvatures
- The liver and gallbladder are located in the upper right abdomen
- The stomach is located in the upper left abdomen
- The duodenum and transverse colon are located in the middle abdomen
Small Intestine
- The small intestine is the longest part of the GIT
- The small intestine is approximately 7 meters long
- The small intestine is located between the pyloric orifice and the ileocecal valve
- The diameter of the small intestine narrows distally
- The small intestine has 3 parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
- The duodenum is a C-shaped structure located adjacent to the head of the pancreas
Duodenum
- The duodenum receives the ducts of the liver and pancreas
- The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine
- The duodenum is 25cm long
- The duodenum is bound on the right by the groove for the inferior vena cava
- The duodenum is bound on the left by the fissure for the ligamentum venosum
- The duodenum is bound on the anterior by the porta hepatis
Bile Duct System
- This diagram shows the bile duct system and the blood supply to this region of the digestive system
- The common hepatic duct is formed by the right and left hepatic ducts
- The common bile duct is formed by the common hepatic duct and cystic duct
- The cystic duct is connected to the gallbladder
- The gallbladder stores bile
- The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac lying on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver
Arterial Arcades
- In the small intestine, the number of arterial arcades increases distally
- Vasa recta (straight arteries) extend from the terminal arcade of the arterial arcades to reach the walls of the small intestine
- Vasa recta are branches of the ileal arteries
GIT Blood Supply
- The inferior mesenteric artery supplies the hindgut
- The inferior mesenteric artery arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of the L3 vertebra
- The inferior mesenteric artery branches into the following arteries:
- left colic artery
- sigmoid arteries
- superior rectal artery
- The left colic artery supplies the left third of the transverse colon and the descending colon
- The sigmoid arteries supply the lowest part of the descending colon and the sigmoid colon
- The superior rectal artery descends into the pelvis to supply the rectum and the upper part of the anal canal
- The lower part of the anal canal receives blood from the middle rectal artery, internal iliac artery, and inferior rectal artery, internal pudendal artery
Arteries Supplying the Abdominopelvic Organs Diagram
- This diagram shows the branches of the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric arteries, and inferior mesenteric arteries
- The branches of the celiac trunk include:
- Left gastric artery
- Splenic artery
- Common hepatic artery
- The branches of the common hepatic artery include:
- Right gastric artery
- Gastroduodenal artery
- Hepatic artery proper
- Cystic artery
- The branches of the splenic artery include;
- Left gastroepiploic artery
- Pancreatic artery
- The branches of the superior mesenteric artery include:
- Inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery
- Middle colic artery
- Right colic artery
- Ileocolic artery
- Intestinal arteries
GIT Blood Supply: Venous Drainage
- Venous blood from the spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and the abdominal part of the GIT drains towards the hepatic portal vein
- The GIT includes organs from the abdominal oesophagus to the upper rectum
- The hepatic portal vein is connected to the liver
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Description
This quiz covers the embryonic development of the digestive tract, focusing on the roles of dorsal and ventral mesenteries in abdominal cavity formation. It discusses key developments from the 4th to the 11th week of gestation and the significance of mesenteries in organ suspension. Test your knowledge on the anatomy and changes of the digestive system during early development.
